Cell-permeable fluorescent proteins
This invention relates to methods and compositions for designing novel fluorescent proteins, preferably to a green fluorescent proteins (GFP). The engineered GFPs are modified by substituting negatively charged amino acids with positively charged amino acids on the exterior of the protein making the protein cell permeable. The ability of the engineered fluorescent proteins to permeate cells obviates the need for transfections, allowing these novel proteins to be used in numerous biological applications.
1. An engineered fluorescent protein comprising a fluorescent protein differing in amino acid sequence from the reference protein of SEQ ID NO: 1-3 or 5, wherein the difference consists of an amino acid residue having a positively charged side chain substituted in at least one of the residues at positions 17, 19, 21, 111, and/or 124 of SEQ ID NO:1-3 or 5, and wherein the engineered fluorescent protein is rendered permeable to cells in culture.
2. The engineered fluorescent protein as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the fluorescent protein differing from the reference protein of SEQ ID NO: 1-3 or 5 has E17R, D19R, D21R, E111R, and E124R substitutions.
3. A kit comprising any one of the engineered fluorescent proteins as claimed in claim 1 .
4. An engineered fluorescent protein comprising a fluorescent protein differing in amino acid sequence from the reference protein of SEQ ID NO: 1-3 or 5, wherein the difference consists of an amino acid residue having a positively charged side chain substituted at positions 17, 19, and 21 of SEQ ID NO:1-3 or 5, and wherein the engineered fluorescent protein is rendered permeable to cells in culture.
5. A kit comprising the engineered fluorescent protein as claimed in claim 4 .
6. An engineered fluorescent protein comprising a fluorescent protein differing in amino acid sequence from the reference protein of SEQ ID NO: 1-3 or 5, wherein the difference consists of an amino acid residue having a positively charged side chain substituted in at least three of the residues at positions 17, 19, 21, 111, and 124 of SEQ ID NO:1-3 or 5, and wherein the engineered fluorescent protein is rendered permeable to cells in culture.
7. An engineered fluorescent protein comprising a fluorescent protein differing in amino acid sequence from the reference protein of SEQ ID NO: 1-3 or 5, wherein the difference consists of substituting a glutamic acid or a aspartic acid with an arginine or a lysine at positions 17, 19, and 21 of SEQ ID NO:1-3 or 5, and wherein the engineered fluorescent protein is rendered permeable to cells in culture.
8. The engineered fluorescent protein as claimed in claim 7 , wherein the fluorescent protein differing from the reference protein of SEQ ID NO: 1-3 or 5 has E17R, D19R, and D21R substitutions.
9. An engineered fluorescent protein comprising a fluorescent protein differing in amino acid sequence from the reference protein of SEQ ID NO: 4, wherein the difference consists of an amino acid residue having a positively charged side chain substituted in at least one of the residues at positions 18, 20, 22, 112, and/or 125 of SEQ ID NO: 4, and wherein the engineered fluorescent protein is rendered permeable to cells in culture.
10. The engineered fluorescent protein as claimed in claim 9 , wherein the fluorescent protein differing from the reference protein of SEQ ID NO: 4 has E18R, D20R, D22R, E112R, and E 125 R substitutions.
11. A kit comprising any one of the engineered fluorescent proteins as claimed in claim 9 .
12. An engineered fluorescent protein comprising a fluorescent protein differing in amino acid sequence from the reference protein of SEQ ID NO: 4, wherein the difference consists of substituting a glutamic acid or an aspartic acid with an arginine or a lysine at positions 18, 20, and 22 of SEQ ID NO: 4, and wherein the engineered fluorescent protein is rendered permeable to cells in culture.
13. The engineered fluorescent protein as claimed in claim 12 , wherein the fluorescent protein differing from the reference protein of SEQ ID NO: 4 has E18R, D20R, and D22R substitutions.