Base-facilitated reformation reactions of organic substances
A base-facilitated reformation reaction. Hydrogen is produced from a reaction of an organic substance with a base to form bicarbonate ion or carbonate ion as a by-product. The base-facilitated reformation reactions are thermodynamically more spontaneous than conventional reformation reactions and are able to produce hydrogen gas at less extreme reaction conditions than conventional reformation reactions. In one embodiment, the instant base-facilitated reactions produce hydrogen gas from an organic substance at a lower temperature than is possible for the production of hydrogen gas from the organic substance in a conventional reformation reaction. In another embodiment, the instant base-facilitated reformation reactions produce hydrogen gas from an organic substance at a faster rate at a particular temperature than is possible from the conventional reformation reaction of the organic substance. In yet another embodiment, a reformation reaction is made spontaneous in the liquid phase by running the reaction at an elevated pressure. The preferred organic substances of the instant invention are hydrocarbons having four or more carbon atoms per molecule or mixtures thereof that are available from fuels such as gasoline, bio-diesel, diesel or other petroleum distillates or by-products.
1. A process for producing hydrogen gas comprising the step of reacting an organic substance with a base and optionally water to form said hydrogen gas along with a carbonate and/or a bicarbonate by-product, wherein said organic substance includes four or more carbon atoms per molecule.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein said organic substance is a hydrocarbon.
3. The process of claim 1 , wherein said organic substance is an oxygenated hydrocarbon.
4. The process of claim wherein said organic substance is a branched compound.
5. The process of claim 1 , wherein said organic substance is a cyclic compound.
6. The process of claim 1 , wherein said organic substance is an aromatic compound.
7. The process of claim 1 , wherein said organic substance is a component of gasoline.
8. The process of claim 1 , wherein said organic substance is a component of diesel or bio-diesel.
9. The process of claim 1 , wherein said organic substance is a component of petroleum.
10. The process of claim 1 , wherein said organic substance is pentane, hexane, heptane, octane or dodecane.
11. The process of claim 9 , wherein said aromatic organic substance is benzene or a substituted benzene compound.
12. The process of claim 1 , wherein said organic substance is an alkene or an alkyne.
13. The process of claim 1 , wherein said organic substance includes five or more carbon atoms per molecule.
14. The process of claim 1 , wherein said organic substance includes six or more carbon atoms per molecule.
15. The process of claim 1 , wherein said base comprises a hydroxide compound.
16. The process of claim 15 , wherein said hydroxide compound is a metal hydroxide compound.
17. The process of claim 16 , wherein said metal hydroxide compound is an alkali metal hydroxide compound.
18. The process of claim 1 , wherein said base is in a solid or molten state.
19. The process of claim 1 , wherein said water is in the form of steam.
20. The process of claim 1 , wherein said organic substance is in the gas phase.
21. The process of claim 1 , wherein said carbonate is formed in the form of a metal carbonate compound.
22. The process of claim 21 , further including the step of reacting said metal carbonate compound with a metal hydroxide compound.
23. The process of claim 21 , wherein said metal carbonate compound is formed as a precipitate.
24. The process of claim 23 , further including the step of thermally decomposing said metal carbonate precipitate, said thermal decomposition step producing a metal oxide.
25. The process of claim 1 , wherein said reaction occurs in the liquid phase.
26. The process of claim 1 , wherein said reaction is an electrochemical reaction.
27. The process of claim 1 , wherein said reaction occurs at a pressure greater than ambient pressure.
28. The process of claim 1 , wherein said reaction occurs at a pressure greater than 10 bar.
29. The process of claim 1 , wherein said reaction occurs at a pressure greater than 25 bar.
30. The process of claim 1 , wherein the minimum temperature at which said reaction is spontaneous is less than the minimum temperature at which the conventional reformation reaction of said organic substance is spontaneous, said conventional reformation reaction of said organic substance being a reaction of said organic substance with water or steam to form hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide.
31. The process of claim 1 , wherein the rate of production of hydrogen gas from said reaction of said organic substance at a desired temperature above the minimum temperature at which said reaction is spontaneous is greater than the rate of production of hydrogen gas from the conventional reformation reaction of said organic substance at said desired temperature, said conventional reformation reaction of said organic substance being a reaction of said organic substance with water or steam to form hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide.
32. The process of claim 1 , further comprising the step of reacting one or more additional organic substances with said base and said water to form said hydrogen gas.
33. The process of claim 1 , wherein said organic substance comprises a mixture of two or more organic substances.
34. The process of claim 33 , wherein said mixture of organic substances includes two or more hydrocarbons.
35. The process of claim 33 , wherein said mixture of organic substances includes two or more oxygenated hydrocarbons.
36. The process of claim 33 , wherein said mixture of organic substances includes a hydrocarbon and an oxygenated hydrocarbon.
37. The process of claim 33 , wherein said mixture of organic substances is a petroleum distillate.
38. The process of claim 33 , wherein said mixture of organic substances is gasoline or a distillate thereof, diesel or a distillate thereof, or kerosene or a distillate thereof.
39. A process for producing hydrogen gas comprising the step of reacting an organic substance which includes four or more carbon atoms per molecule with a base and optionally water to form said hydrogen gas without any substantial production of carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide.
40. The process of claims 39 , wherein said hydrogen is the only gaseous product of said step of reading.