Systems and methods for plasma propulsion
A plasma propulsion system for aerospace and other applications is disclosed in which an ionized fluid is accelerated through the system by an electric field. The electrons separated from the ionized fluid are accelerated in a direction opposite the ionized flow. A magnetic field decelerates the electrons. The decelerated electrons are collected, conducted downstream, and re-inserted into the ionized flow.
1. A plasma propulsion system, comprising:
a housing including an opening through which a fluid is introduced in the housing;
a first electric field generator coupled to accelerate ions of an ionized fluid in the housing toward another opening in the housing;
a magnetic field generator configured to generate a magnetic field in the housing, wherein the magnetic field is oriented to decelerate electrons that would otherwise be accelerated in a direction opposite the ions in the housing; and
a controller coupled to control the electric field produced by the first electric field generator, thereby accelerating the ionized fluid through the other opening in the housing.
2. The plasma propulsion system of claim 1 , wherein the magnetic field generator includes an electrical conductor configured along at least a portion of the length of the housing, and the magnetic field is produced when electrical current is applied to the electrical conductor.
3. The plasma propulsion system of claim 1 , wherein the housing is generated by pressure shock waves in the fluid.
4. The plasma propulsion system of claim 1 , wherein the housing is generated by a boundary layer of the fluid.
5. The plasma propulsion system of claim 1 , further comprising:
a second electric field generator coupled to decelerate the ionized fluid in an upstream location in the housing; and
a second magnetic field generator configured to generate a magnetic field in the upstream location in the housing, wherein the magnetic field is oriented to decelerate electrons in the housing.
6. The plasma propulsion system of claim 5 , further comprising:
a heat engine coupled between the first and second electric field generators.
7. The plasma propulsion system of claim 4 , further comprising:
a circuit coupled to conduct the electrons to the other opening in the housing and release the electrons into the ionized flow to re-establish charge neutrality of the flow.
8. The plasma propulsion system of claim 1 , further comprising:
an inlet configured to receive an ionized fuel; and
a circuit configured to collect electrons separated from a fuel as the fuel is ionized to generate the ionized fuel, and to release the electrons in the ionized flow exhausted at the other opening.
9. The plasma propulsion system of claim 8 , further comprising:
a second electric field generator coupled to decelerate the ionized fluid in an upstream location in the housing.
10. The plasma propulsion system of claim 9 , further comprising:
a heat engine coupled between the first electric field generator and the second electric field generator.
11. The plasma propulsion system of claim 1 , further comprising:
a plasma generator coupled to ionize the fluid, thereby generating the ionized fluid.
12. The plasma propulsion system of claim 1 , further comprising:
a sensor coupled to provide information regarding one or more characteristics of the ionized fluid to the controller.
13. The plasma propulsion system of claim 1 , further comprising:
a heat-to-power converter device coupled to extract heat from the fluid entering the housing, and convert the heat to electrical power.
14. A method comprising:
accelerating ions of a plasma through a first electric field in a housing, wherein the housing includes an opening and the electric field is oriented in the direction of the ions to accelerate the ions in the direction of the opening, thereby forming a plasma flow; and
generating a magnetic field orthogonal to the electric field, wherein the magnetic field is oriented to decelerate electrons that would otherwise be accelerated in a direction opposite the ions in the housing.
15. The method of claim 14 further comprising:
decelerating the plasma through a second electric field, wherein the second electric field is located upstream of the first electric field;
collecting the electrons separated from a fluid after the fluid is ionized to create the plasma; and
reinserting the electrons into the plasma after the plasma is accelerated by the first electric field.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the fluid includes a chemical fuel.
17. The method of claim 15 further comprising:
providing the plasma decelerated by the second electric field to a heat engine, wherein the heat engine is coupled between the first and second electric fields.
18. An apparatus comprising:
means for accelerating a plasma through a first electric field in a housing, wherein the housing includes an opening and the electric field is oriented to accelerate the ions of the plasma in the direction of the opening, thereby forming a plasma flow;
means for generating a magnetic field, wherein the magnetic field is oriented to decelerate electrons that would otherwise be accelerated in a direction opposite the ions in the housing;
means for collecting the electrons separated from a fluid after the fluid is ionized to create the plasma; and
reinserting the electrons into the plasma after the plasma is accelerated by the first electric field.
19. The apparatus of claim 18 further comprising:
means for decelerating a plasma through a second electric field, wherein the second electric field is located upstream of the first electric field.
20. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein the fluid includes a chemical fuel.
21. The apparatus of claim 19 further comprising:
a heat engine coupled between the first and second electric fields.