Intrinsically directional fast neutron detector
A directional fast neutron detector having superposed layers of a hydrogenous non-scintillating material for generating recoil protons, a non-hydrogenous scintillating material for generating scintillations, and a non-hydrogenous non-scintillating barrier material, in which the layers are placed in a specific order at regular intervals and the composition and thickness of the layers can be varied in order to alter the efficiency and sensitivity of the system. The detector exhibits both intrinsic and geometric directionality. The intrinsic directionality will depend primarily on the materials selected and the thicknesses of the individual layers, while the geometric directionality will depend primarily on the size and shape of detector. The detector of the invention provides a compact, relatively easy to use, directional neutron detector for use in locating and monitoring special nuclear materials and other sources of fast neutrons.
1. A directional fast neutron detector, comprising:
a) a plurality of layers of material arranged in an order, each of the plurality of layers having a predetermined thickness and a composition selected from the group consisting of:
i) a hydrogenous non-scintillating converter material operable to produce a recoil proton when a fast neutron is incident therein;
ii) a non-hydrogenous scintillating material operable to generate a scintillation light when the recoil proton loses energy therein; and
iii) a non-hydrogenous non-scintillating barrier material operable to act as a barrier to passage of the recoil proton therethrough; and
b) at least one light collection device located along the periphery of the layers for producing a signal when the scintillation light generated by the non-hydrogenous scintillating material is incident thereon,
wherein the composition, order, and thickness of each of the plurality of layers allows the general direction of incoming incident fast neutrons to be established.
2. The detector of claim 1 , wherein the light collection device is a photomultiplier tube.
3. The detector of claim 1 , wherein the light collection device is a photodiode.
4. The detector of claim 1 , wherein the order of the plurality of layers is repeated at regular intervals.
5. The detector of claim 1 , wherein the order of the layers comprises:
a) a first layer of the non-hydrogenous non-scintillating barrier material;
b) a layer of the hydrogenous non-scintillating converter material;
c) a second layer of the non-hydrogenous non-scintillating barrier material; and
d) a layer of the non-hydrogenous scintillating material.
6. The detector of claim 5 , wherein the thickness of the first layer of the non-hydrogenous non-scintillating barrier material is different than the thickness of the second layer of the non-hydrogenous non-scintillating barrier material.
7. The detector of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of layers are optically transparent to the scintillation light produced so that the scintillation light reaches the at least one light collection device.
8. The detector of claim 1 , wherein the indices of refraction of each of the plurality of layers are approximately identical to minimize the loss of light at the interfaces between the layers.
9. The detector of claim 1 , wherein the hydrogenous non-scintillating converter material is an optically transparent plastic having an index of refraction of approximately 1.5, and wherein the non-hydrogenous scintillating material and the non-hydrogenous non-scintillating barrier material are made of an optically transparent glass material having an index of refraction of approximately 1.5.
10. The detector of claim 9 , wherein the optically transparent glass material is one of quartz or a silicate glass activated with cerium.
11. The detector of claim 1 , wherein the non-hydrogenous scintillating material layer is comprised of two different types of material having different scintillation properties, wherein the different scintillating materials are used for the purpose of discrimination between neutrons and gamma rays.
12. A directional fast neutron detector, comprising:
a) a plurality of layers of a hydrogenous non-scintillating converter material operable to produce a recoil proton when a fast neutron is incident therein;
b) a plurality of layers of a non-hydrogenous scintillating material operable to generate scintillation light when the recoil proton loses energy therein; and
c) a plurality of layers of a non-hydrogenous non-scintillating barrier material operable to act as a barrier to passage of the recoil proton therethrough,
wherein the plurality of layers of materials are arranged in an order, each of the plurality of layers having a predetermined thickness, and wherein the composition, order, and thickness of each of the plurality of layers allows the general direction of incoming incident fast neutrons to be established.
13. The detector of claim 12 , further comprising at least one light collection device for producing a signal when the scintillation light generated by the non-hydrogenous scintillating material is incident thereon.
14. The detector of claim 12 , wherein the order of the plurality of layers is repeated at regular intervals, and wherein the order of the layers comprises:
a) a layer of the non-hydrogenous non-scintillating barrier material;
b) a layer of the hydrogenous non-scintillating converter material; and
c) a layer of the non-hydrogenous scintillating material.
15. The detector of claim 14 , wherein the order of the plurality of layers further comprises a second layer of the non-hydrogenous non-scintillating barrier material, the second layer located between the converter material layer and the non-hydrogenous scintillating material layer.
16. The detector of claim 15 , wherein the thickness of the first layer of the non-hydrogenous non-scintillating barrier material is different than the thickness of the second layer of the non-hydrogenous non-scintillating barrier material.
17. The detector of claim 12 , wherein the non-hydrogenous scintillating material layer is comprised of two different types of material having different scintillation properties, wherein the different scintillating materials are used for the purpose of discrimination between neutrons and gamma rays.
18. The detector of claim 12 , wherein the hydrogenous non-scintillating converter material is made of an optically transparent plastic material having an index of refraction of approximately 1.5, and wherein the non-hydrogenous scintillating material and the non-hydrogenous non-scintillating barrier material are made of an optically transparent glass material having an index of refraction of approximately 1.5.
19. A method for detecting fast neutrons, comprising:
a) providing a fast neutron detector, wherein the detector comprises a plurality of layers of material arranged in an order, each of the plurality of layers having a predetermined thickness and a composition selected from the group consisting of:
i) a hydrogenous non-scintillating converter material operable to produce a recoil proton when a fast neutron is incident therein;
ii) a non-hydrogenous scintillating material operable to generate a scintillation light when the recoil proton loses energy therein; and
iii) a non-hydrogenous non-scintillating barrier material operable to act as a barrier to passage of the recoil proton therethrough;
b) providing at least one light collection device for producing a signal when the scintillation light generated by the non-hydrogenous scintillating material is incident thereon; and
c) determining the general direction of the incoming incident fast neutrons according to the composition, order, and thickness of each of the plurality of layers.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the order of the layers comprises:
a) a first layer of the non-hydrogenous non-scintillating barrier material;
b) a layer of the hydrogenous non-scintillating converter material;
c) a second layer of the non-hydrogenous non-scintillating barrier material; and
d) a layer of the non-hydrogenous scintillating material, wherein the thickness of the first layer of the non-hydrogenous non-scintillating barrier material is different than the thickness of the second layer of the non-hydrogenous non-scintillating barrier material.