Photolytic oxygenator with carbon dioxide fixation and separation
Apparatus for oxygenating an enclosed space as well as removing carbon dioxide from the enclosed space.
1. A photolytic apparatus for oxygenating and removing carbon dioxide from a confined volume area comprising:
a photolytic cell having an anode compartment and a cathode compartment;
the anode compartment comprising a photo-active surface having the ability to convert water to oxygen; and
the cathode compartment having an inlet connected to both as carbon dioxide source and a carbon source, the cathode compartment having the ability to react the carbon dioxide with the carbon source to form a solid or liquid medium; and
a light source for providing light photons to said photolytic cell and activating the photo-reactive surface.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said photo-reactive surface comprises a light-activated catalyst.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein said light activated catalyst is a metal oxide catalyst comprising anatase (TiO 2 ), WO 3 or ZnO, combinations thereof, with or without performance enhancing dopants.
4. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein said light-activated catalyst converts, when photolytically irradiated, water to hydrogen ions, electrons and active oxygen.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein said active oxygen formed during photolysis is hydrogen peroxide or other forms of oxygen gas precursors.
6. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein said electrons generated during photolysis are then electrically conducted away to avoid reversal of the reaction.
7. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein said active oxygen formed during photolysis is converted by a disproportionation catalyst into dissolved oxygen.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein said disproportionation catalyst is MnO 2 .
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said light source is an ultraviolet light at 350-500 nm.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the carbon dioxide is converted to a carbonate solid.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the carbon dioxide is reacted with C 5 pentose to produce C 6 hexose.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the carbon dioxide is converted to a C 3 compound and then catalyzed to form C 6 hexose.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the photo-reactive surface comprises a light transparent substrate and a photolytic coating.
14. The apparatus of claim 13 , wherein said photolytic coating comprises a layer of a light activated catalyst which converts, when photolytically irradiated, water to hydrogen ions, electrons and active oxygen.
15. The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein said photolytic coating further comprises a disproportionation catalyst which converts active oxygen to dissolved oxygen.
16. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the anode compartment and the cathode compartment are separated by a membrane.
17. The apparatus of claim 16 , wherein said membrane allows for the flow of hydrogen ions from the anode compartment to the cathode compartment.
18. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the photolytic cell comprises a mesoporous material.
19. A photolytic apparatus for oxygenating and removing carbon dioxide in order to maintain a proper physiological environment comprising:
a photolytic cell having an anode compartment and a cathode compartment;
said anode compartment having an inlet for receiving an aqueous solution, an anode conductor, a photo-reactive surface, and an outlet for transporting a dissolved oxygenated solution out of said anode compartment, wherein said photo-reactive surface has the ability, upon photo-activation, to convert water in an aqueous solution to dissolved oxygen, hydrogen ions and electrons upon light activation;
said cathode compartment having an inlet, a cathode conductor, and an outlet, the inlet being connected to both a carbon dioxide source and a C 5 pentose source, the cathode conductor being able to convert hydrogen ions, carbon dioxide, and C 5 pentose to C 6 pentose, and the outlet being able to remove the C 6 pentose from the cell and any remaining reactants; and
a light source for providing light photons to said photo-reactive surface to initiate a series of chemical reactions that results in dissolved oxygen generation in the anode compartment and C 6 hexose formation in the cathode compartment.
20. The apparatus of claim 19 , wherein said light photo-reactive surface comprises a layer of a light activated photolytic catalyst.
21. The apparatus of claim 20 , wherein said light activated photolytic catalyst is a metal oxide comprises TiO 2 (anatase), WO 3 or ZnO, or combination thereof.
22. The apparatus of claim 20 , wherein said light-activated photolytic catalyst converts water into active oxygen.
23. The apparatus of claim 19 , wherein said light source is an ultraviolet light at 350-500 nm.
24. The apparatus of claim 19 , wherein said photo-reactive surface further comprises a disproportionation catalyst.
25. The apparatus of claim 24 , wherein said disproportionation catalyst includes at least one of Fe II , Fe III , Cu I , Cu II , Co II , Co III , Mn II , M III , Mn IV , and MnO 2 .
26. The apparatus of claim 25 , wherein said disproportionation catalyst converts active oxygen to dissolved oxygen.
27. The apparatus of claim 25 , wherein said cell is constructed from mesoporous materials.
28. The apparatus of claim 25 , wherein said cell is constructed of self-assembled monolayers on mesoporous supports.
29. The apparatus of claim 25 , wherein said catalyst is MnO 2 .
30. The apparatus of claim 19 , wherein said photolytic cell comprises a transparent substrate and a photolytic coating comprising a first disposed layer of TiO 2 (anatase) and a second disposed layer of MnO 2 .
31. The apparatus of claim 19 , wherein said cell is constructed from mesoporous materials.
32. The apparatus of claim 19 , wherein the anode compartment and the cathode compartment are separated by a cationic membrane.