Time-resolved exhaust emissions sensor

1. A device for measuring mass concentration of particulate matter in an exhaust flow of an internal combustion engine, comprising:

a sensor body, wherein the sensor body is configured to be coupled to an exhaust conduit of the internal combustion engine;

a signal electrode and a detector electrode at least partially enclosed in the sensor body, wherein an end of the signal electrode and an end of the detector electrode are configured to be located in the exhaust conduit; and

wherein a voltage is applied to the signal electrode during use and an electric charge accumulates on the detector electrode as particulate matter flows between the ends of the signal electrode and the detector electrode in the exhaust conduit during use, and wherein the electric charge that accumulates on the detector electrode varies with the mass concentration of particulate matter in the exhaust conduit.

2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the signal electrode is at least partially enclosed in an insulating material and a conducting tube.

3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the detector electrode is at least partially enclosed in an insulating material and a conducting tube.

4. The device of claim 1 , wherein the voltage applied to the signal electrode during use is between about 500 volts and about 1000 volts.

5. The device of claim 1 , wherein the detector electrode is coupled to a detector system that converts the electric charge that accumulates on the detector electrode into an output voltage, and wherein the output voltage corresponds to the mass concentration of particulate matter in the exhaust conduit.

6. The device of claim 1 , further comprising an electrically insulating sheath at least partially enclosing the signal electrode and an electrically insulating sheath at least partially enclosing the detector electrode.

7. A system for measuring mass concentration of particulate matter in an exhaust flow of an internal combustion engine, comprising:

a sensor body, wherein the sensor body is configured to be coupled to an exhaust conduit of the internal combustion engine;

a signal electrode and a detector electrode at least partially enclosed in the sensor body, wherein an end of the signal electrode and an end of the detector electrode are configured to be located in the exhaust conduit;

a voltage supply coupled to the signal electrode; and

a detector system coupled to the detector electrode;

wherein a voltage is applied to the signal electrode from the voltage supply during use and an electric charge accumulates on the detector electrode as particulate matter flows between the ends of the signal electrode and the detector electrode in the exhaust conduit during use, and wherein the electric charge that accumulates on the detector electrode varies with the mass concentration of particulate matter in the exhaust conduit.

8. The system of claim 7 , wherein the signal electrode is at least partially enclosed in an insulating material and a conducting tube.

9. The system of claim 7 , wherein the detector electrode is at least partially enclosed in an insulating material and a conducting tube.

10. The system of claim 7 , wherein the voltage applied to the signal electrode during use is between about 500 volts and about 1000 volts.

11. The system of claim 7 , wherein the detector system converts the electric charge that accumulates on the detector electrode into an output voltage, and wherein the output voltage corresponds to the mass concentration of the particulate matter in the exhaust conduit.

12. The system of claim 7 , further comprising an electrically insulating sheath at least partially enclosing the signal electrode and an electrically insulating sheath at least partially enclosing the detector electrode.

13. A method for measuring mass concentration of particulate matter in an exhaust conduit of an internal combustion engine, comprising:

applying a voltage to a signal electrode, wherein an end of the signal electrode is located in the exhaust conduit;

measuring an accumulation of electric charge on a detector electrode, wherein an end of the detector electrode is located in the exhaust conduit, and wherein the accumulation of electric charge varies with the mass concentration of particulate matter in the exhaust conduit; and

converting the accumulation of electric charge on the detector electrode to an output voltage, wherein the output voltage corresponds to the mass concentration of particulate matter in the exhaust conduit.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the signal electrode and the detector electrode are at least partially enclosed in a sensor body.

15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the signal electrode is at least partially enclosed in an insulating material and a conducting tube.

16. The method of claim 13 , wherein the detector electrode is at least partially enclosed in an insulating material and a conducting tube.

17. The method of claim 13 , wherein the voltage applied to the signal electrode is between about 500 volts and about 1000 volts.

18. A system to detect particulate matter in a flow of gas, the system comprising:

a detector electrode configured to at least partially extend into the flow of gas, wherein the detector electrode is configured to accumulate a charge in response to a stream of particulate matter within the flow of gas;

a charge amplifier coupled to the detector electrode, wherein the charge amplifier is configured to be located at least partially within the flow of gas to allow the stream of particulate matter to flow between ends of the signal electrode and the detector electrode, and wherein the charge amplifier is further configured to generate an output voltage corresponding to the charge accumulated on the detector electrode, wherein the output voltage of the charge amplifier is calibrated to a mass concentration of the particulate matter within the flow of gas; and

a signal electrode, wherein the signal electrode is configured to be located at least partially within the flow of gas to allow the stream of particulate matter to flow between ends of the signal electrode and the detector electrode.

19. The system of claim 18 , wherein the detector electrode and the signal electrode are separated by a distance of about 0.05 cm to 1.5 cm between the detector electrode and the signal electrode.

20. The system of claim 18 , further comprising:

sheaths to at least partially enclose the detector electrode and the signal electrode, wherein the sheaths allow tips of the detector electrode and the signal electrode to be exposed;

a sensor body configured to at least partially enclose the detector electrode and the signal electrode, wherein the sensor body comprises:

a metal housing; and

an insulating body within the metal housing, wherein the insulating body is configured to insulate portions of the detector electrode and the signal electrode enclosed by the sensor body; and

a conducting tube located within the insulating body of the sensor body, wherein the conducting tube is configured to at least partially shield the detector electrode and the signal electrode from high temperatures of the flow of gas.

21. The system of claim 18 , wherein the diameter of the detector electrode and the diameter of the signal electrode are between about 0.02 cm to 0.5 cm.

22. The system of claim 18 , further comprising a voltage supply coupled to the signal electrode, wherein the voltage supply is configured to supply a voltage on the signal electrode.

23. The system of claim 22 , wherein the voltage supply is configured to supply a high voltage of up to about 1500 volts on the signal electrode.

24. The system of claim 22 , wherein the voltage supply is configured to supply a high voltage of between about 400 volts to 1200 volts on the signal electrode.

25. The system of claim 22 , wherein the voltage supply is configured to supply a high voltage of between about 500 volts to 1000 volts on the signal electrode.

26. The system of claim 22 , wherein the stream of particulate matter between the signal electrode and the detector electrode changes a dielectric constant between the signal electrode and the detector electrode, wherein the change in the dielectric constant facilitates the accumulation of charge on the detector electrode.

27. The system of claim 22 , further comprising a spark discharge to generate a discharge and ionize the particulate matter within the stream of particulate matter between the signal electrode and the detector electrode to produce carbon ions, wherein the carbon ions between the signal electrode and the detector electrode change the accumulation of charge on the detector electrode.

28. A method for measuring mass concentration of particulate matter in a flow of gas, the method comprising:

accumulating a charge on a detector electrode which at least partially extends into the flow of gas in response to a stream of particulate matter within the flow of gas; and

generating an output voltage at a charge amplifier, wherein the output voltage corresponds to the charge accumulated on the detector electrode;

determining a mass concentration of the particulate matter within the flow of gas based on the output voltage; and

supplying a voltage on a signal electrode located at least partially within the flow of gas, wherein the detector electrode and the signal electrode are separated by a distance to allow the stream of particulate matter to flow between ends of the detector electrode and the signal electrode.

29. The method of claim 28 , wherein supplying the voltage to the signal electrode further comprises supplying a high voltage of up to about 1500 volts on the signal electrode.

30. The method of claim 28 , wherein supplying the voltage to the signal electrode further comprises supplying a high voltage of between about 400 volts to 1200 volts on the signal electrode.

31. The method of claim 28 , wherein supplying the voltage to the signal electrode further comprises supplying a high voltage of between about 500 volts to 1000 volts on the signal electrode.

32. The method of claim 28 , wherein the stream of particulate matter between the signal electrode and the detector electrode changes a dielectric constant between the signal electrode and the detector electrode, wherein the change in the dielectric constant facilitates the accumulation of charge on the detector electrode.

33. The method of claim 28 , further comprising generating a discharge to ionize the particulate matter within the stream of particulate matter between the signal electrode and the detector electrode to produce carbon ions, wherein the carbon ions between the signal electrode and the detector electrode change the accumulation of charge on the detector electrode.

34. The method of claim 28 , further comprising at least partially insulating the signal electrode and the detector electrode.

35. The method of claim 28 , further comprising adjusting an operating condition of a combustion device to reduce the mass concentration of the particulate matter.

36. The method of claim 28 , further comprising:

monitoring the output voltage of the charge amplifier; and

generating a time-resolved measurement of the mass concentration of the particulate matter.

37. The method of claim 28 , further comprising:

monitoring the output voltage of the charge amplifier; and

generating a measurement, other than a time-resolved measurement, of the mass concentration of the particulate matter.

38. A system to detect particulate matter in a flow of gas, the system comprising:

a detector electrode configured to at least partially extend into the flow of gas, wherein the detector electrode is configured to accumulate a charge in response to a stream of particulate matter within the flow of gas;

a charge amplifier coupled to the detector electrode, wherein the charge amplifier is configured to be located at least partially within the flow of gas to allow the stream of particulate matter to flow between ends of the signal electrode and the detector electrode, and wherein the charge amplifier is further configured to generate an output voltage corresponding to the charge accumulated on the detector electrode, wherein the output voltage of the charge amplifier is calibrated to a mass concentration of the particulate matter within the flow of gas; and

a feedback control system coupled to the charge amplifier, wherein the feedback control system is configured to adjust an operating condition of the combustion device to reduce the mass concentration of the particulate matter in the exhaust stream, and wherein the feedback control system is further configured to monitor the output voltage of the charge amplifier to generate a time-resolved measurement of the mass concentration of the particulate matter in the exhaust stream.

39. A system to detect particulate matter in a flow of gas, the system comprising:

a detector electrode configured to at least partially extend into the flow of gas, wherein the detector electrode is configured to accumulate a charge in response to a stream of particulate matter within the flow of gas;

a charge amplifier coupled to the detector electrode, wherein the charge amplifier is configured to be located at least partially within the flow of gas to allow the stream of particulate matter to flow between ends of the signal electrode and the detector electrode, and wherein the charge amplifier is further configured to generate an output voltage corresponding to the charge accumulated on the detector electrode, wherein the output voltage of the charge amplifier is calibrated to a mass concentration of the particulate matter within the flow of gas; and

a feedback control system coupled to the charge amplifier, wherein the feedback control system is configured to adjust an operating condition of the combustion device to reduce the mass concentration of the particulate matter in the exhaust stream, and wherein the feedback control system is further configured to monitor the output voltage of the charge amplifier to generate a measurement, other than a time-resolved measurement, of the mass concentration of the particulate matter in the exhaust stream.