Metal implants
A metal implant for use in a surgical procedure is provided with a surface layer that is integral with the metal substrate, and which incorporates a biocidal material. The surface layer may be grown from the metal substrate, by anodizing, and the biocidal material incorporated in it by ion exchange. Alternatively the layer may be deposited by electroplating, followed by diffusion bonding so as to become integral with the metal substrate. In either case, silver is a suitable biocidal material; and both the release rate and the quantity of biocidal material should be low to avoid toxic effects on body cells. Electropolishing the surface before formation of the surface layer is also beneficial, and this may be achieved by electropolishing.
1. An implant for use in a surgical procedure, said implant comprising a metal substrate and a surface layer integral with said metal substrate, said surface layer comprising an anodized layer grown from the metal of said metal substrate by anodizing, said surface layer incorporating a biocidal metal in an ionic form, the biocidal metal ions being adsorbed into said surface layer by ion exchange, and the quantity of biocidal metal ions being such that the biocidal material is effective in suppressing infection after the surgical procedure, wherein said biocidal metal ions are silver ions, and wherein the concentration of said silver is equivalent to an average surface loading of 73 μg/cm 2 .
2. An implant as claimed in claim 1 wherein said surface layer comprises a metal phosphate.
3. An implant as claimed in claim 2 wherein the surface of said implant is in a highly polished condition before provision of said surface layer.
4. An implant as claimed in claim 1 wherein the surface of said implant is in a highly polished condition before provision of said surface layer.
5. An implant as claimed in claim 1 wherein the biocidal material adsorbed into said surface layer is effective in suppressing infection for at least 6 weeks after the surgical procedure.
6. An implant for use in a surgical procedure, said implant comprising a metal substrate and a surface layer integral with said metal substrate, said surface layer comprising an anodized layer containing material selected from the group consisting of oxide, and phosphate, and being grown from the metal of said metal substrate by anodizing, wherein said anodized layer incorporates a biocidal metal adsorbed by ion exchange into said surface layer, and the quantity of biocidal metal ions being such that the biocidal material is effective in suppressing infection after the surgical procedure, wherein said biocidal metal ions are silver ions, and wherein the concentration of said silver is equivalent to an average surface loading of 73 μg/cm 2 .
7. An implant as claimed in claim 6 wherein said surface layer comprises a metal phosphate.
8. An implant as claimed in claim 7 wherein the surface of said implant is in a highly polished condition before provision of said surface layer.
9. An implant as claimed in 6 wherein the surface of said implant is in a highly polished condition before provision of said surface layer.
10. An implant as claimed in claim 6 wherein the biocidal material adsorbed into said surface layer is effective in suppressing infection for at least 6 weeks after the surgical procedure.
11. An implant for use in a surgical procedure, said implant comprising a metal substrate and a surface layer integral with said metal substrate, said surface layer comprising a material selected from the group consisting of oxide, and phosphate, said surface layer further comprising an anodized layer grown from the metal of said metal substrate by anodizing and incorporating therein a biocidal metal adsorbed by ion exchange into said surface layer, and the quantity of biocidal metal ions being such that the biocidal material is effective in suppressing infection after the surgical procedure, wherein said biocidal metal ions are silver ions, and wherein the concentration of said silver is equivalent to an average surface loading of 73 μg/cm 2 .
12. An implant as claimed in claim 11 wherein said surface layer comprises a metal phosphate.
13. An implant as claimed in claim 12 wherein the surface of said implant is in a highly polished condition before provision of said surface layer.
14. An implant as claimed in claim 11 wherein the surface of said implant is in a highly polished condition before provision of said surface layer.
15. An implant as claimed in claim 11 wherein the biocidal material adsorbed into said surface layer is effective in suppressing infection for at least 6 weeks after the surgical procedure.