Combination catalytic process for producing ethanol from synthesis gas
A catalytic process selectively produces ethanol by contacting synthesis gas (syngas), composed primarily of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, with three catalysts within a reactor. The first catalyst is a hydrogenation promoter comprising Cu—Zn, Mo or Fe with an optional alkali metal additive and an optional support of aluminum oxide, silica, zeolite or clay. The second catalyst is a homologation promoter comprising one or more of the Group VIII metals in free or combined form with a co-catalyst metals consisting of Y or lanthanide or actinide series metals with optional additives and support. The third catalyst is a hydrogenation promoter. This series of catalysts improves the selectivity and yield for ethanol from syngas.
1. A process of preparing an alcohol with two or more carbon atoms from a gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen, comprising:
reacting a gas comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen with a first catalyst configured to promote carbon monoxide hydrogenation;
reacting said gas exposed to said first catalyst with a second catalyst configured to promote alcohol homologation; and
reacting said gas exposed to said second catalyst with a third catalyst configured to promote hydrogenation of acid and aldehyde byproducts to alcohols,
wherein said catalysts are separate catalysts used in series,
and wherein said reactions occur under super-atmospheric temperature and pressure conditions.
2. A process as recited in claim 1 , wherein said reaction pressure is between approximately 200 psig and approximately 2500 psig.
3. A process as recited in claim 1 , wherein said reaction temperature is between approximately 150 degrees Celsius and approximately 400 degrees Celsius.
4. A process as recited in claim 1 , wherein said hydrogenation catalyst is a catalyst selected from the group of catalysts consisting essentially of Cu, Zn, Mo, Ni, or Fe in free form.
5. A process as recited in claim 1 , wherein said hydrogenation catalyst comprises copper in combination with Zn, Mo, Ni, or Fe.
6. A process as recited in claim 1 , wherein said alcohol homologation catalyst comprises a Group VIII metal and yttrium metal.
7. A process as recited in claim 1 , wherein said alcohol homologation catalyst comprises a combination of at least two Group VIII metals and yttrium metal.
8. A process as recited in claim 1 , wherein said alcohol homologation catalyst comprises a Group VIII metal and a lanthanide series metal.
9. A process as recited in claim 1 , wherein said alcohol homologation catalyst comprises a Group VIII metal and an actinide series metal.
10. A process as recited in claim 1 , wherein said alcohol homologation catalyst comprises a combination of at least two Group VIII metals and a lanthanide series metal.
11. A process as recited in claim 1 , wherein said alcohol homologation catalyst comprises a combination of at least two Group VIII metals and an actinide series metal.
12. A process as recited in claim 1 , wherein said alcohol homologation catalyst comprises a combination of at least one Group VIII metal, an actinide series metal and a lanthanide series metal.
13. A process as recited in claim 1 , wherein said hydrogenation catalyst further comprises an alkali metal promoter.
14. A process as recited in claim 1 , wherein said hydrogenation catalyst further comprises a promoter, selected from the group of promoters consisting essentially of Ti, Zr, Pd, and Mn.
15. A process for the preparation of alcohols from a gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen, comprising:
contacting a gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen with a first hydrogenation catalyst comprising Cu—Zn;
contacting an outflow of gas from said first hydrogenation catalyst with a second carbonylation catalyst, said carbonylation catalyst comprising rhodium and a co-catalyst;
contacting an outflow of gas from said carbonylation catalyst with a third hydrogenation catalyst and a promoter
wherein said catalysts are separate catalysts used in series; and
controlling the temperature and pressure of gas during contact with said catalysts.
16. A process as recited in claim 15 , wherein said temperature is controlled to be at least 150 degrees and said pressure is controlled to be at least 200 psig.
17. A process as recited in claim 15 , wherein said reaction temperature is controlled to between approximately 180 degrees Celsius and approximately 325 degrees Celsius and said reaction pressure is controlled to be between approximately 500 psig and approximately 1500 psig.
18. A process as recited in claim 15 , wherein said co-catalyst is selected from the group of co-catalysts comprise consisting essentially of a lanthanide, an actinide and yttrium metal.
19. A process as recited in claim 15 , wherein said second hydrogenation catalyst comprises Mo, Ni, or Fe.
20. A process as recited in claim 15 , wherein said second catalyst promoter is a promoter, selected from a group of promoters consisting essentially of Ti, Zr, Pd, and Mn.