Use of cyclic AMP and ascorbic acid to produce dopaminergic neurons from embryonic stem cells
This disclosure provides improved methods for obtaining populations of dopaminergic neurons from pluripotent stem cells. The process involves taking a population of neural precursor cells derived from a line of human embryonic stem cells, and culturing the cells in a medium that contains a neurotrophin, either cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) or a compound that elevates intracellular cAMP levels, and optionally an antioxidant such as ascorbic acid. Cell populations have been obtained that contain a high proportion of cells staining for tyrosine hydroxylase, which is a feature of dopaminergic neurons. The neural progenitors and terminally differentiated neurons of this invention can be generated in large quantities for use in drug screening and the treatment of clinically important neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease.
1. A method for making dopaminergic neuronal cells from human embryonic stem (hES) cells, comprising:
a) differentiating hES cells into a neural progenitor cell population in which at least 60% of the cells are Nestin positive;
b) culturing the Nestin positive progenitor cells in a culture medium comprising a neurotrophin, and either cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) or a compound that elevates intracellular cAMP levels; and
c) harvesting a cell population from the culture medium that comprises neuronal cells expressing tyrosine hydroxylase.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the culture medium is free of added mitogens.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the culture medium further comprises an antioxidant.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the antioxidant is ascorbic acid.
5. The method of claim 1 , Wherein said neurotrophin in the culture medium is selected from neurotrophin 3 (NT 3), neurotrophin 4 (NT 4), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and nerve growth factor (NGF).
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the culture medium contains both BDNF and NT 3.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the culture medium contains cAMP.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the culture medium contains dibutyl cAMP.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the culture medium contains a compound that elevates intracellular cAMP levels.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the compound is selected from forskolin, cholera toxin, and isobutylmethylxanthine.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hES cells are differentiated into said neural progenitor cell population by way of a process that comprises culturing the cells with retinoic acid.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hES cells are differentiated into said neural progenitor cell population by way of a process that comprises culturing the cells in a differentiation medium containing one or more neurotrophins and one or more mitogens.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the differentiation medium contains both NT 3 and BDNF.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the mitogen(s) are selected from epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF 8), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), and insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF 1).
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the differentiation medium contains erythropoietin (EPO).
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hES cells are differentiated into said neural progenitor cell population by way of a process that comprises culturing the cells in a differentiation medium containing sonic hedgehog (SHH) and one or more mitogens.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hES cells are differentiated into said neural progenitor cell population by way of a process that comprises culturing the cells in a differentiation medium containing one or more neurotrophins and one or more TGF β Superfamily Antagonists.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the TGF β Superfamily Antagonist(s) are selected from noggin and follistatin.
19. The method of claim 17 , wherein the differentiation medium further contains a mitogen.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least 5% of the cells in the harvested cell population express tyrosine hydroxylase.