Cooling apparatus
A process for introducing a solution into an evaporative cooling apparatus ( 14 ), said process comprising a) positioning a selectively permeable membrane ( 16 ) between a first solution ( 18 ) and a second solution ( 20 ) having a higher solute concentration than the first solution ( 18 ), such that the solvent from the first solution ( 18 ) flows across the selectively permeable membrane ( 16 ) to dilute the second solution ( 20 ), b) introducing the second solution into an evaporative cooling apparatus ( 14 ) in which solvent is removed from the second solution ( 20 ) by evaporation, and c) recycling the second solution ( 20 ) from step b) to step a) to draw solvent from the first solution ( 18 ).
1. A process for introducing a solution into an evaporative cooling apparatus, said process comprising the steps of:
a) providing a first solution selected from the group consisting of seawater, brackish water, river water and waste water,
b) forming a second solution by dissolving a solute in water having a higher solute concentration than the first solution,
c) positioning a selectively permeable membrane between a first solution and a second solution having a higher solute concentration than the first solution, such that the solvent form the first solution flows across the selectively permeable membrane to dilute the second solution,
d) introducing the second solution into the evaporative cooling apparatus in which solvent is removed from the second solution by evaporation, and
e) recycling the second solution from step d) to step c) to draw solvent from the first solution.
2. The process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein in step e) the second solution is recirculated through at least steps c) and d) in a closed loop.
3. The process as claimed in claim 1 , including after step c), a step f) contacting the second solution with a heat source to remove heat from the heat source.
4. The process as claimed in claim 3 , wherein the second solution is used as a coolant in a heat exchanger to remove heat from the heat source.
5. The process as claimed in claim 3 , wherein in step e) the second solution is recirculated through at least steps c), d) and f) in a closed loop.
6. The process as claimed in claim 3 , wherein step f) is carried out after step d).
7. The process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the evaporative cooling apparatus comprises an air cooler.
8. The process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the evaporative cooling apparatus comprises a cooling tower.
9. The process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the second solution comprises seawater, brackish water and/or water from an industrial process.
10. The process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the solute introduced into the second solution is a water-soluble solute.
11. The process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the solute introduced in the second solution is a salt of ammonia, alkali earth metal and/or an alkaline earth metal.
12. The process as claimed in claim 11 , wherein the salt is a fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, sulphate, sulphite, sulphide, carbonate, bicarbonate, carbamate, hydrogencarbonate, nitrate, nitrite, nitride, phosphate, aluminate, borate, bromate, carbide, chloride, perchlorate, hypochlorate, chromate, fluorosilicate, fluorosilicate, fluorosulphate, silicate, cyanide and/or cyanate.
13. The process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the first and/or second solution comprises additives selected from at least one scale inhibitor, corrosion inhibitor, biocide, or dispersant.
14. The process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the pressure generated by the flow of solvent across the membrane in step c) is used to aid the transfer of the second solution to step d).
15. The process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein step c) includes
positioning a selectively permeable membrane between the diluted second solution and a further solution having a higher solute concentration than the diluted second solution, such that the solvent from the diluted second solution flows across the selectively permeable membrane to dilute the further solution.