Uniform surfaces for hybrid material substrate and methods for making and using same
Devices, systems and methods of using same where hybrid substrate materials are provided with a substantially uniform surface to provide uniformity of properties, including interaction with their environments. Uniform surfaces are applied as coatings over, e.g., hybrid metal/silica, metal/polymer, metal/metal surfaces to mask different chemical properties of differing regions of the surface and to afford a protective surface for the hybrid structure.
1. A substrate, comprising:
a first layer comprising a first surface having at least first and second material regions, the first and second material regions having one or more chemical or physical properties that differ when the first and second regions are exposed to a first chemical environment, and wherein the first material region comprises a transparent material, and the second material region comprises an opaque metal with any associated metal oxide, wherein the first layer comprises a layer of the first material and a layer of the second material, wherein the layer of second material is a discontinuous layer disposed over the layer of first material layer resulting in a first surface of the first layer having apertures with exposed regions of first material, the apertures having a cross-sectional dimension that is from about 10 nm to about 200 nm;
a second layer, comprising a coating material that associates preferentially with the second material regions, disposed selectively over the second material regions to provide a second surface to the substrate, whereby the coating material covers substantially all of the second material regions, whereby at least portions of the first material regions exposed by the aperture are not coated by the second layer, and wherein the second surface is substantially uniform with respect to the one or more chemical or physical properties when the second surface is exposed to the first chemical environment.
2. The substrate of claim 1 , wherein the first material comprises a silica based material.
3. The substrate of claim 2 , wherein the first material is selected from glass, quartz, and fused silica.
4. The substrate of claim 1 , wherein the one or more physical or chemical properties are selected from chemical composition, surface charge, relative hydrophobicity, conductivity, oxidative capacity surface roughness, and density of reactive chemical moieties.
5. The substrate of claim 1 , wherein the apertures have a cross-sectional dimension that is from about 20 nm to about 100 nm.
6. The substrate of claim 1 , wherein the second layer comprises an inorganic layer.
7. The substrate of claim 6 , wherein the inorganic layer comprises a silica based layer.
8. The substrate of claim 7 wherein the silica based layer comprises silicon oxide.
9. The substrate of claim 1 , wherein the second layer comprises an organic layer.
10. The substrate of claim 9 , wherein the organic layer comprises organic materials selected from organic polymers, organosilicates and organosilanes.
11. A layered structure, comprising:
a first layer substrate comprised of a transparent first material having a first surface;
a second layer disposed upon, but not completely covering the first surface of the first layer, having a second surface, the second layer being comprised of an opaque metal with any associated metal oxide, wherein the second layer comprises apertures extending therethrough, the apertures having a cross-sectional dimension that is from about 10 nm to about 200 nm; and
a third layer, comprising a coating material that associates preferentially with the second layer, disposed selectively over the second surface, whereby the coating material covers substantially all of the second layer, and whereby at least portions of the first layer exposed by the aperture are not coated by the second layer, providing a third surface having substantially uniform chemical properties.
12. A device, comprising:
a receptacle for receiving an analytical fluid;
a substrate disposed within the receptacle, the substrate comprising:
a first layer comprised of a transparent first material and having a first surface;
a second, discontinuous layer disposed upon the first surface of the first layer, the second layer comprised of an opaque metal with any associated metal oxide, wherein the second layer comprises apertures extending therethrough, the apertures having a cross-sectional dimension that is from about 10 nm to about 200 nm; and
a third substantially continuous layer, comprising a coating material that associates preferentially with the second layer, disposed selectively over the second layer, whereby the coating material covers substantially all of the second layer, and whereby at least portions of the first layer exposed by the aperture are not coated by the second layer, to provide a uniform surface exposed to the analytical fluid to protect the first or second layer from the analytical fluid or prevent differential interaction between the analytical fluid and any one of the first, second or third layers.