Polymalic acid-based multi-functional drug delivery system
A structured drug system that is useful for delivering a drug payload to a specific tissue or cell type is disclosed. The system is based on purified polymalic acid. This polymer isolated from natural sources is biocompatible, biodegradable and of very low toxicity. The polymer is extremely water soluble and contains a large number of free carboxyl groups which can used to attach a number of different active molecules. In the examples disclosed N-hydroxysuccinimide esters of the carboxyl groups are used to attach such molecules. The active molecules include monoclonal antibodies to promote specific cellular uptake and specific pro-drugs such as antisense nucleic acids designed to modify the cellular metabolism of a target cell. The pro-drugs are advantageously linked by a somewhat labile bond so that they will be released under specific conditions. In addition, the system contains amide-linked valine to encourage membrane disruption under lysosomal conditions. Polyethylene glycol groups are attached to extend the drug system's circulation half-life. In addition, fluorescent reported groups can be readily included to aid in visualizing and confirming drug system targeting. The drug system can deliver treatments for a wide range of diseases and is specially advantageous for treatment of neoplasms.
1. A drug delivery molecule comprising:
a polymerized carboxylic acid molecular scaffold having a plurality of pendant free carboxylic acid groups;
a plurality of biologically active molecular modules, wherein each module is covalently linked to a pendant carboxylic acid of the molecular scaffold, wherein said active molecular modules comprise: at least one targeting module for promoting cellular uptake by a target cell; and at least one pro-drug module for altering cellular metabolism of the target cell; wherein the targeting or the pro-drug active molecular module comprises a polypeptide and/or polynucleotide; and
wherein the scaffold is a poly(β-L-malic acid) homopolymer.
2. The drug delivery molecule according to claim 1 , wherein the pro-drug is selected to inhibit expression of tumor-specific proteins.
3. The drug delivery molecule according to claim 1 , wherein the poly(β-L-malic acid) has a weight-averaged molecular weight (Mw) between 2,500 and 100,000.
4. The drug delivery molecule according to claim 3 , wherein the poly(β-L-malic acid) has a weight-averaged molecular weight (Mw) of at least about 5,000.
5. The drug delivery molecule according to claim 1 , wherein each molecule of the polymerized carboxylic acid molecular scaffold has at least about 50 pendant carboxylic acid groups.
6. The drug delivery molecule according to claim 1 , wherein the plurality of molecular modules further includes a molecular module for promoting disruption of biomembranes.
7. The drug delivery molecule according to claim 6 , wherein said molecular module for promoting disruption of biomembranes comprises a molecule having lipophilic characteristics and groups that are charged at physiologic pH and become uncharged at lysosomal pH thereby increasing lipophilicity of said molecular module.
8. The drug delivery molecule according to claim 1 , wherein the plurality of active molecular modules further includes a molecular module for prolonging circulation of the drug delivery molecule.
9. The drug delivery molecule according to claim 8 , wherein the molecular module for prolonging circulation of the drug delivery molecule comprises polyethylene glycol.
10. The drug delivery molecule according to claim 1 , wherein the plurality of active molecular modules further includes a reporter module for determining cellular uptake of the drug delivery molecule.
11. The drug delivery molecule according to claim 10 , wherein the reporter module comprises a fluorescent molecule.
12. The drug delivery molecule according to claim 1 , wherein the targeting molecule is selected to promote penetration of the blood brain barrier.
13. The drug delivery molecule according to claim 1 , wherein the pro-drug molecular module is linked to the polymerized carboxylic acid molecular scaffold by a cleavable linkage that is cleaved when the drug delivery molecule enters a cell.
14. The drug delivery molecule according to claim 13 , wherein the cleavable linkage is a disulfide linkage.
15. The drug delivery molecule according to claim 1 , wherein the pro-drug molecular module comprises an antisense molecule.
16. The drug delivery molecule according to claim 15 , wherein the antisense molecule is a morpholino antisense molecule.
17. The drug delivery molecule according to claim 15 , wherein the antisense molecule interferes with production of laminin-8.
18. The drug delivery molecule according to claim 17 , wherein the antisense molecule interferes with production of laminin-8 by altering production of a laminin subunit selected from the group consisting of α4 laminin and β1 laminin.