Methods of producing pancreatic hormones
Disclosed herein are methods of producing pancreatic hormone-expressing cells by first differentiating pluripotent cells in cell culture so as to produce endodermal cells, the endodermal cells being competent to further differentiate into hormone-expressing cells capable of secreting at least one pancreatic hormone in response to a physiological signal, and then, transplanting the cultured endodermal cells into an organism, such as an organism in need of an endocrine cell therapy.
1. A method for producing insulin, said method comprising the steps of:
(a) contacting human pluripotent stem cells in vitro with a first medium comprising an agent that activates a TGF-β receptor family member;
(b) culturing in vitro the human pluripotent stem cell-derived cells of step (a) in a second medium lacking a substantial amount of the agent that activates the TGF-β receptor family member, thereby generating PDX-1 positive pancreatic endoderm cells;
(c) transplanting the PDX-1 positive pancreatic endoderm cells of step (b) into a mammalian subject; and
(d) maturing the PDX-1 positive pancreatic endoderm cells of step (c) in vivo, thereby obtaining insulin secreting cells, wherein the insulin secreting cells secrete insulin in response to glucose stimulation.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the agent is an activin selected from the group consisting of activin A, activin AB, activin B, and combinations thereof.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the activin is activin A.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first and second medium lack nicotinamide.
5. The method of claim 1 further comprising contacting the human pluripotent stem cells with a Wnt family member.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein said Wnt family member is Wnt3A.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mammalian subject is a human subject.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the human subject has been identified as having a condition which limits the ability of the subject to produce sufficient levels of insulin in response to physiologically high blood glucose concentrations.
9. A method for producing insulin, said method comprising the steps of:
(a) contacting human pluripotent stem cells in vitro with a medium comprising a first agent that activates a TGF-β receptor family member;
(b) culturing in vitro the human pluripotent cell-derived cells of step (a) in a second medium comprising a second agent that inhibits the TGF-β receptor family member, thereby generating PDX-1 positive pancreatic endoderm cells;
(c) transplanting the PDX-1 positive pancreatic endoderm cells of step (b) into a mammalian subject; and
(d) maturing the PDX-1 positive pancreatic endoderm cells of step (c) in vivo, thereby obtaining insulin secreting cells, wherein the insulin secreting cells secrete insulin in response to glucose stimulation.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the first agent is an activin.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the activin is selected from the group consisting of activin A, activin AB, activin B and combinations thereof.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the activin is activin A.
13. The method of claim 9 , wherein the TGF-beta family receptor is the activin receptor-like kinase (ALK) receptor.
14. The method of claim 9 , wherein the second agent is SB-431542.
15. The method of claim 9 , wherein the first and second medium lack nicotinamide.
16. The method of claim 9 further comprising contacting the human pluripotent stem cells with a Wnt family member.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein said Wnt family member is Wnt3A.
18. The method of claim 9 , wherein the mammalian subject is a human subject.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the human subject has been identified as having a condition which limits the ability of the subject to produce sufficient levels of insulin in response to physiologically high blood glucose concentrations.