Decontaminant
Method and composition for decomposing and detoxifying chemical warfare agents, organic toxic compounds (e.g., pesticides), and for removal of contaminants in materials including fuels. The method and composition are based on ferrate (VI). The ferrate is typically applied to a contaminated surface or volume with a phase transfer catalyst and/or with a carrier.
1. A decontamination formulation comprising:
a ferrate(VI) compound;
a phase transfer catalyst; and a pH buffer for controlling the pH to be within a range of about 3 or higher.
2. The formulation of claim 1 , wherein the phase transfer catalyst is a cationic oxidation resistant phase transfer catalyst, and wherein the cationic phase transfer catalyst is selected from the group of quaternary ammonium compounds and/or organic phosphonium compounds.
3. The formulation of claim 2 where the quaternary ammonium compound is N-methyl tri-octyl ammonium ion.
4. The formulation of claim 2 wherein the quaternary ammonium compound is selected from the group (R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 )N + where R=cyclic structure, alkyl and/or aryl, and where the total carbon number for the compound is at least 4.
5. The formulation of claim 2 where the quaternary ammonium compound is selected from quaternized polyamines, where two of the R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , or R 4 groups are polymer chains and where the other two are alkyl and/or aryl, and where one or more of these “R” groups are represented by cyclic structures.
6. The formulation of claim 2 where the phosphonium is selected from the group R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 P + where R=alkyl and/or aryl and where one or more of the “R” groups are represented by cyclic structures, and where the total carbon number for the compound is at least 4.
7. The formulation of claim 4 where the R 4 is a lower alkyl group of 1 to 6 carbons, and R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are represented by cyclic structures, aryl and/or aromatic, including pyridine, N-alkyl piperidine, N-alkyl pyrrolidine, N,N-dialkylated aniline, N,N′-alkylated piperazine, N-alkyl(1-phenylpiperazine), N,N,N′,N′-tetraethyl hexamethylene diamine, N-alkyl morpholine, and N-alkyl imidazole.
8. The formulation of claim 4 where R 4 is methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, i-butyl, or n-butyl, and R 1 , R 2 , R 3 is represented by cyclic structures, aryl and/or aromatic, including pyridine, N-alkyl piperidine, N-alkyl pyrrolidine, N,N-dialkylated aniline, N,N′-alkylated piperazine, N-alkyl(1-phenylpiperazine), N,N,N′,N′-tetraethyl hexamethylene diamine, and N-alkyl morpholine.
9. The formulation according to claim 4 , further comprising N-alkylated tertiary amine, wherein N-alkylated tertiary amine comprises N-methyl derivatives of triethylamine, N-methylpiperidine, trimethylamine, tri(2-propyl)amine, and N-methylpyridine.
10. The formulation of claim 1 where the anion of the phase transfer catalyst is selected to be one or a combination of hydroxide ion; sulfate ion; chloride ion; nitrate ion; carbonate ion; orthophosphate ion including any combination of mono-, di- or tri-basic forms of the orthophosphate ion; other phosphates; phosphonates; phosphinates; acetate; any other oxidation resistant carboxylate including polycarboxylates; sulfonate; hexafluorophosphate; tetraphenyl borate ions; and trifluoroborate.
11. The formulation of claim 2 , wherein the phase transfer catalyst is selected from a group consisting of organic quaternary ammonium and organic phosphonium compound, and wherein the organic portion of the phase transfer catalyst comprises an aliphatic or aryl hydrocarbon functional group, or a mixture thereof; having noninterfering functional groups selected from the group consisting of halides, alkoxy(R—O—), olefin, linear or branched.
12. The formulation of claim 1 in which an amount of the buffer is included such that the final pH after reaction of the ferrate is in the range 7-10.5.
13. The formulation of claim 1 in which the buffer is orthophosphate including any combination of mono-, di- or tri-basic forms of orthophosphate; polyphosphates; other phosphates; phosphonates; phosphinates; acetate; carbonate; bicarbonate; borate; borax; tetraborate; any other oxidation resistant carboxylate including polycarboxylates; sulfonate; hexafluorophosphate; tetraphenyl borate ions; and blends and mixtures thereof.
14. The formulation of claim 1 which also contains a non-oxidizable complexing compound.
15. The formulation of claim 1 which also contains a hygroscopic compound, wherein the hygroscopic compound comprises hygroscopic anhydrous and hydrated compounds of lithium, sodium, potassium, tetraammonium and other quaternary amine, salts of the anions: hydroxide, orthophosphate tribasic, nitrate, molybdate, periodate, perchlorate, acetate, perchlorate, carbonate, phosphate monobasic, phosphate dibasic, pyrophosphate, citrate, fluoride, disulfate, silicate, methane sulfonate, methyl sulfate, and/or oxide.
16. The formulation of claim 15 , wherein the hygroscopic compound is deliquescent.
17. A method of using the formulation of claim 1 comprising the step of
treating a hazardous or toxic material with the formulation of claim 1 or
removing a contaminant from a material selected from crude oil; coal; natural gas; derivatives of crude oil, coal, or natural gas; and fuel by contacting with the formulation of claim 1 .
18. The formulation of claim 14 , wherein the complexing compound is etidronic acid, potassium fluoride, potassium bifluoride, and mono and/or polyphosphates.
19. The formulation of claim 1 , wherein the pH is within a range of about 3 to about 12.