Method for promoting selective reinnervation of denervated tissue

1. A method for promoting selective reinnervation of one or more denervated target muscles in a subject comprising:

stimulating one or more target muscles with a pattern of electrical, magnetic, or a combination of electrical and magnetic stimulatory activity selected to selectively enhance reinnervation of the one or more denervated target muscles by native neurons and inhibit reinnervation of the one or more denervated target muscles by foreign neurons;

wherein the pattern of stimulatory activity comprises a magnitude, frequency, and duration of stimulatory activity in the one or more denervated target muscles that is substantially similar to the magnitude, frequency, and duration of stimulatory activity in the one or more denervated target muscles prior to denervation, wherein the pattern of stimulating activity is tailored to a particular muscle;

wherein stimulating the one or more denervated target muscles comprises intermittently providing a stimulus to at least a portion of the one or more denervated target muscles and turning off the stimulus to the one or more denervated target muscles with a duty cycle of less than 10%, the one or more denervated target muscles being inactive when the stimulus is turned off; and

removing the stimulus to the one or more denervated target muscles after function is restored to the one or more denervated target muscles.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more denervated muscles comprises a smooth muscle, a cardiac muscle, or a skeletal muscle.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the skeletal muscle comprises a laryngeal muscle.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the laryngeal muscle comprises a posterior cricoarytenoid muscle.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein promoting selective reinnervation of the one or more denervated target muscles in a subject comprises promoting selective reinnervation of one or more denervated target muscles in a mammal.

6. The method of claim 5 , wherein promoting selective reinnervation of one or more denervated target muscles in a mammal comprises promoting selective reinnervation of a denervated target muscles in a human.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the stimulating comprises providing electrical stimulation.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the stimulating comprises providing magnetic stimulation.

9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising providing a stimulator in proximity to the one or more denervated target muscles, whereby the one or more denervated muscles is stimulated by the stimulator.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the stimulator is implantable or injectable.

11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the stimulator is programmable.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the native neurons comprise motoneurons, and wherein the foreign neurons comprise motoneurons.

13. The method of claim 1 , further comprising restoring function of the one or more denervated target muscles.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the function of the one or more target muscles comprises contraction.

15. The method of claim 1 , further comprising evaluating the quality and magnitude of reinnervation of the one or more target muscles following stimulation.

16. The method of claim 1 , wherein stimulating the one or more target muscles comprises stimulating reconnecting neurons within the one or more target muscles.

17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more target muscles comprises a slow contracting muscle; and

wherein the frequency of stimulation is less than a frequency that produces tetanization.

18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the frequency of stimulation is less than a frequency of about 10 pulses per second.

19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more target muscles comprises a fast contracting muscle; and

wherein the frequency of stimulation is greater than a frequency of about 50 pulses per second.

20. The method of claim 1 , wherein stimulating the one or more target muscles comprises sequentially stimulating a plurality of discrete stimulation sites on the one or more target muscles.

21. A method for promoting selective reinnervation of one or more denervated target muscles in a subject comprising:

stimulating the one or more target muscles with a pattern of electrical, magnetic, or a combination of electrical and magnetic stimulatory activity selected to selectively enhance reinnervation of the one or more denervated target muscles by native neurons and inhibit reinnervation of the one or more target muscles by foreign neurons, wherein the pattern of stimulating activity is tailored to a particular muscle; and

removing the stimulatory activity to the one or more target muscles after function is restored to the one or more target muscles;

wherein stimulating the one or more denervated target muscles is initiated during a six-month period following denervation of the one or more denervated target muscles in which spontaneous reinnervation of the one or more denervated target muscles may occur; and

wherein stimulating the one or more denervated target muscles comprises intermittently providing a stimulus to at least a portion of the one or more denervated target muscles and turning off the stimulus to the one or more denervated target muscles with a duty cycle of less than 10%, the one or more denervated target muscles being inactive when the stimulus is turned off.