Method for gas phase oxidation using a moderator layer
A process for gas phase oxidation in which a gaseous stream which comprises at least one aromatic hydrocarbon and molecular oxygen is passed through one or more catalyst layers, wherein a moderator layer is arranged between two catalyst layers arranged in succession in flow direction of the gaseous stream, the moderator layer being less catalytically active than the catalysts adjacent upstream and downstream or being catalytically inactive. The desired oxidation products are obtained in high yield over prolonged periods.
1. A process for gas phase oxidation in which a gaseous stream which comprises
at least one aromatic hydrocarbon and molecular oxygen is passed through at least two catalyst layers arranged in succession in flow direction of the gaseous stream, the activity of the catalysts in adjacent catalyst layers being different from one another,
wherein a moderator layer is arranged between two catalyst layers arranged in succession in flow direction of the gaseous stream, the moderator layer being less catalytically active than the catalysts adjacent upstream and downstream or being catalytically inactive and the catalyst layer downstream of the moderator layer has a higher activity than the catalyst layer upstream of the moderator layer and wherein the ratio of the volume of the moderator layer to the volume of the catalyst layer upstream of the moderator layer is from 0.02 to 0.35.
2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the gaseous stream is passed through at least three catalyst layers arranged in succession in flow direction of the gaseous stream.
3. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the activity of the catalysts in flow direction of the gaseous stream increases constantly from one catalyst layer to the next from the catalyst layer closest to the gas inlet to the catalyst layer closest to the gas outlet.
4. The process according to claim 2 , wherein the gaseous stream is passed through more than three catalyst layers arranged in succession in flow direction of the gaseous stream and the activity of the catalysts increases from one catalyst layer to the next over a sequence of at least three of the catalyst layers in flow direction of the gaseous stream.
5. The process according to claim 3 , wherein a moderator layer is arranged at least upstream of the most active catalyst layer and/or second most active catalyst layer.
6. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the temperature at the downstream border of the moderator layer is at least 2 K lower than
(δT·x)
wherein δT is the gradient of the temperature profile at the border of the catalyst upstream of the moderator layer from the moderator layer, and x is the length of the moderator layer in flow direction.
7. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the temperature drop over the moderator layer is at least 4 K.
8. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the temperature of at least the moderator layer and the catalyst layers adjacent to it upstream and downstream can be controlled together.
9. The process according to claim 1 , in which the catalytically active composition of all catalysts comprises at least vanadium oxide and titanium dioxide.
10. The process according to claim 1 , in which the hydrocarbon used is o-xylene and/or naphthalene, and phthalic anhydride is prepared.
11. The process according to claim 2 , wherein the activity of the catalysts in flow direction of the gaseous stream increases constantly from one catalyst layer to the next from the catalyst layer closest to the gas inlet to the catalyst layer closest to the gas outlet.
12. The process according to claim 4 , wherein a moderator layer is arranged at least upstream of the most active catalyst layer and/or second most active catalyst layer.
13. The process according to claim 2 , wherein the temperature at the downstream border of the moderator layer is at least 2 K lower than
(δT·x)
wherein δT is the gradient of the temperature profile at the border of the catalyst upstream of the moderator layer from the moderator layer, and x is the length of the moderator layer in flow direction.
14. The process according to claim 3 , wherein the temperature at the downstream border of the moderator layer is at least 2 K lower than
(δT·x)
wherein δT is the gradient of the temperature profile at the border of the catalyst upstream of the moderator layer from the moderator layer, and x is the length of the moderator layer in flow direction.
15. The process according to claim 4 , wherein the temperature at the downstream border of the moderator layer is at least 2 K lower than
(δT·x)
wherein δT is the gradient of the temperature profile at the border of the catalyst upstream of the moderator layer from the moderator layer, and x is the length of the moderator layer in flow direction.
16. The process according to claim 5 , wherein the temperature at the downstream border of the moderator layer is at least 2 K lower than
(δT·x)
wherein δT is the gradient of the temperature profile at the border of the catalyst upstream of the moderator layer from the moderator layer, and x is the length of the moderator layer in flow direction.
17. The process according to claim 2 , wherein the temperature drop over the moderator layer is at least 4 K.
18. The process according to claim 3 , wherein the temperature drop over the moderator layer is at least 4 K.
19. The process according to claim 4 , wherein the temperature drop over the moderator layer is at least 4 K.
20. The process according to claim 5 , wherein the temperature drop over the moderator layer is at least 4 K.