Electroactive material for charge transport
An electroactive material for charge transport. The material is formed of a plurality of nanocomponents including nanoparticles, in turn formed of conductive carbon-based clusters bound together by a conductive carbon-based cluster binder including nanoclusters and nanocluster binders, all having high densities of mobile charge carriers (electrons, electronic acceptors, ionic species). A terminal is electrically coupled to the nanoparticles for charge transport.
1. A battery including an electroactive material for charge transport comprising,
a first plurality of particles, each particle including,
a plurality of clusters, each cluster including,
a carbon nanosphere core,
a composite layer surrounding and bound to the nanosphere core, the composite layer including redox-active zinc sulfide nanoclusters embedded in the composite layer, and
a binding composite binding the plurality of clusters
a first terminal electrically coupled to the first plurality of particles for charge transport.
2. The battery including the electroactive material of claim 1 further including,
a second plurality of particles, each particle including,
a plurality of clusters, each cluster including,
a carbon nanosphere core,
a composite layer surrounding and bound to the nanosphere core, the composite layer including nanoclusters embedded in the composite layer, and
a binding composite binding the plurality of clusters,
a second terminal electrically coupled to the second plurality of particles for charge transport.
3. The battery including the electroactive material of claim 2 wherein the second plurality of particles are substantially the same as the first plurality of particles including redox-active zinc sulfide nanoclusters.
4. The battery including the electroactive material of claim 2 wherein the second plurality of particles are substantially different from the first plurality of particles including zinc-depleted sulfide nanoclusters.
5. The battery including the electroactive material of claim 4 wherein the zinc-depleted sulfide nanoclusters are charge receptors and wherein charge transport uses electrolyte ions.
6. The battery including the electroactive material of claim 2 wherein the second plurality of particles are separated from the first plurality of particles by an ion permeable membrane.
7. The battery including the electroactive material of claim 2 wherein the carbon nanosphere core has a diameter of less than approximately 100 nanometers.
8. The battery including the electroactive material of claim 2 wherein the composite layer has a wall thickness of less than approximately 1200 nanometers.
9. The battery including the electroactive material of claim 2 wherein a substantial number of the clusters have a diameter of less than approximately 1200 nanometers.
10. The battery including the electroactive material of claim 1 further including,
a second plurality of particles, each particle including,
a plurality of clusters, each cluster including,
a carbon nanosphere core,
a composite layer surrounding and bound to the nanosphere core, the composite layer including nanoclusters embedded in the composite layer, and
a binding composite binding the plurality of clusters,
a second terminal electrically coupled to the second plurality of particles for charge transport,
a third plurality of particles, each particle including,
a plurality of clusters, each cluster including,
a carbon nanosphere core,
a composite layer surrounding and bound to the nanosphere core, the composite layer including nanoclusters embedded in the composite layer, and
a binding composite binding the plurality of clusters,
a third terminal electrically coupled to the second plurality of particles for charge transport.
11. A battery comprising,
a first electroactive electrode including,
a first plurality of particles, each particle including,
a plurality of clusters, each cluster including,
a carbon nanosphere core,
a composite layer surrounding and bound to the nanosphere core, the composite layer including redox-active zinc sulfide nanoclusters embedded in the composite layer, and
a binding composite binding the plurality of clusters,
a first terminal electrically coupled to the first plurality of particles for charge transport,
a second electroactive electrode including,
a second plurality of particles, each particle including,
a plurality of clusters, each cluster including,
a carbon nanosphere core,
a composite layer surrounding and bound to the nanosphere core, the composite layer including redox-active zinc-depleted sulfide nanoclusters embedded in the composite layer, and
a binding composite binding the plurality of clusters,
a second terminal electrically coupled to the second plurality of particles for charge transport,
a separator between the first electrode and the second electrode,
an electrolyte contacting the first and second electrodes for charge transport between the first and
second electrodes using zinc-based ions.
12. The battery of claim 11 wherein the redox-active zinc sulfide nanoclusters operate to transport charges for discharging and operate to transport charges for recharging.
13. The battery of claim 11 wherein the composite layer is conductive to electrically couple the nanosphere core to the zinc sulfide nanoclusters to provide high energy density.
14. The battery of claim 11 wherein the first electroactive electrode and the second electroactive electrode are formed of tire char and wherein the composite layers for the first and second electroactive electrodes are conductive to electrically couple the nanosphere cores to the nanoclusters to provide high energy density.
15. The battery of claim 11 wherein the first electroactive electrode and the second electroactive electrode are formed of tire char and are heavy-metal free and wherein the composite layers for the first and second electroactive electrodes are conductive to electrically couple the nanosphere cores to the nanoclusters to provide high energy density.
16. The battery of claim 11 wherein the first electroactive electrode and the second electroactive electrode are formed of tire char and are heavy-metal free and wherein the composite layers for the first and second electroactive electrodes are conductive to electrically couple the nanosphere cores to the nanoclusters to provide high energy density and where the redox-active zinc sulfide nanoclusters operate to transport charges for discharging and operate to transport charges for recharging.
17. The battery of claim 11 wherein the first electroactive electrode and the second electroactive electrode are entirely tire char.