Method for making functionally graded cemented tungsten carbide with engineered hard surface
A method for manufacturing functionally graded cemented tungsten carbide with hard and wear-resistant surface and tough core is described. The said functionally graded cemented tungsten carbide (WC—Co) has a surface layer having a reduced amount of cobalt. Such a hard surface and tough core structure is an example of functionally graded materials in which mechanical properties are optimized by the unique combination of wear-resistance and toughness. WC—Co with reduced-cobalt surface layer may be fabricated through a carburization heat treatment process following conventional liquid phase sintering. The graded WC—Co thus obtained contains no brittle η phase.
1. A method of preparing a functionally graded cemented tungsten carbide material, the method comprising:
preparing a WC—Co powder;
compacting the powder;
fully sintering the powder to form a completely sintered powder;
heat treating the sintered powder in a furnace having a carburizing atmosphere, wherein the material, after the heat treating step, comprises a surface layer with lower Co content than that of the nominal value of the bulk of the material, wherein the temperature range for the heat treatment step is the range in which solid tungsten carbide WC, liquid cobalt, and solid cobalt coexist.
2. A method as in claim 1 , the WC—Co powder has sub-stoichiometric carbon content.
3. A method as in claim 1 , the WC—Co powder has sub-stoichiometric carbon content that is higher than the carbon content that would result in the formation of n-phase in the material at any temperature at any time during or after the sintering step or the heat treatment step.
4. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the atmosphere is a carburizing gas mixture formed by a methane-hydrogen mixture with the partial pressure ratio of (P H2 ) 2 /P CH4 ranging from 1000 to 10.
5. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the atmosphere is a carburizing gas mixture formed by a methane-hydrogen mixture with the partial pressure ratio of (P H2 ) 2 /P CH4 is within the range of 600 to 100.
6. A method as in claim 1 wherein the sintered powder is heat treated at a temperature range between 1250 and 1330° C.
7. A method as in claim 1 wherein the sintering and heat treating are conducted in one furnace run without removing the material from the furnace after the sintering step.
8. A method as in claim 1 wherein the sintering and heat treating are conducted in two separate furnaces such that there are two separate thermal cycles.
9. A method as in claim 1 wherein said WC—Co powder contains one or combinations of the following elements and/or of their carbides: titanium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, niobium, and vanadium.
10. A method as in claim 1 wherein said WC—Co powder contains nickel (Ni) and/or iron (Fe), which substitute cobalt (Co) in part.