Continuous counter-current organosolv processing of lignocellulosic feedstocks
A modular process for organosolv fractionation of lignocellulosic feedstocks into component parts and further processing of said component parts into one or more of a de-lignified cellulose stream, a sugar stream, small-chain alcohol streams and four structurally distinct classes of lignin derivatives. The modular process comprises a first processing module configured for digesting lignocellulosic feedstocks with an organic solvent thereby producing a cellulosic solids fraction and a liquid fraction, a second processing module configured for recovering small-chain alcohols and optionally a first class of lignin derivatives from the cellulosic solids fraction, a third processing module configured for recovering from the liquid fraction at least one of a second class and a third class of lignin derivatives or mixtures thereof, and waste stream comprising a fourth class of lignin derivatives. The fourth processing module may optionally recover the fourth class of lignin derivatives.
1. A modular biorefining process for separating a lignocellulosic feedstock into component parts and further processing of said component parts; the modular process comprising:
a first processing module provided with a first series of steps for receiving, physically screening, and physico-chemically fractionating a lignocellulosic feedstock with an organic solvent separately provided thereto thereby extracting component parts therefrom, and separating said component parts into a first liquid fraction and a cellulosic solids fraction comprising a plurality of a first class of lignin derivatives therein;
a second processing module provided with a second series of steps for receiving therein said cellulosic solids fraction, de-lignifying said cellulosic solids fraction, and recovering therefrom a delignified cellulosic solids fraction;
a third processing module provided with a third series of steps comprising:
separating a first solids fraction from the first liquid fraction thereby producing a second liquid fraction, said first solids fraction comprising a plurality of a second class of lignin derivatives;
separating a second solids fraction from the second liquid fraction thereby producing a third liquid fraction, said second solids fraction comprising a plurality of a third class of lignin derivatives;
recovering from the third liquid fraction at least a portion of the organic solvent and a processed third liquid fraction; and
a fourth processing module provided with at least one step for recovery of a first semi-solid waste material therefrom said processed third liquid fraction.
2. A modular biorefining process according to claim 1 , wherein the second series of steps comprises steps for controllably reducing the viscosity of the de-lignified cellulosic solids fraction, controllably digesting the reduced-viscosity de-lignified cellulosic solids fraction, and recovering therefrom a fourth liquid fraction comprising at least soluble sugars.
3. A modular biorefining process according to claim 2 , wherein the second series of steps comprises at least one step for adding an enzyme preparation configured for controllably digesting the reduced-viscosity cellulosic solids fraction, said enzyme preparation comprising at least one enzyme selected from the group consisting of endo-β-1,4-glucanases, cellobiohydrolases, cellulases, hemicellulases, β-glucosidases, β-xylosidases, xylanases, α-amylases, β-amylases, pullulases, and esterases.
4. A modular biorefining process according to claim 3 , wherein the second series of steps additionally comprises steps for post-digestion recovery and recycling of a portion of the enzyme preparation.
5. A modular biorefining process according to claim 1 , additionally provided with a fifth processing module comprising an anaerobic digestion module configured for receiving and processing therein said first semi-solid waste material into at least a collectable biogas and a liquid effluent.
6. A modular biorefining process according to claim 1 , wherein the second processing module additionally comprises steps for recovering at least a portion of the first class of lignin derivatives.
7. A modular biorefining process according to claim 1 , wherein the second series of steps comprises de-lignification of the cellulosic solids stream by one of an elemental chlorine-free (ECF) bleaching process and a total chlorine-free (TCF) bleaching process, and recovering therefrom a de-lignified cellulose pulp stream.
8. A modular biorefining process according to claim 7 , wherein the second series of steps comprises a TCF bleaching process and includes at least the steps of:
washing the cellulosic solids stream with a mild alkali solution at a temperature ranging from about 60° C. to about 80° C. in a vessel pressurized with oxygen, followed by washing with water;
then washing the cellulosic solids stream with at least two washes with hydrogen peroxide, each wash followed by washing with water; and
recovering the de-lignified cellulose pulp stream.
9. A modular biorefining process according to claim 1 , additionally comprising a step configured for decrystallizing cellulose from the de-lignified cellulose solids fraction.
10. A modular biorefining process according to claim 1 , wherein the cellulose is decrystallized by commingling with at least one of phosphoric acid, trifloroacetic acid, monoethylamine, sodium hydroxide, ionic liquids.
11. A modular biorefining process according to claim 1 , wherein the fourth processing module is additionally provided with steps for recovering from the processed third liquid fraction, one or more of an acetic acid-containing liquid fraction, a fourth class of lignin derivatives, a sugar syrup, and a semi-solid waste material.