Field-effect transistor and sensor based on the same
A field-effect transistor has at least one electrode disposed independently of source and drain electrodes and in direct contact with the surface of a semiconductor channel to form a schottky barrier, so that it is possible to easily control the schottky barrier.
1. A field-effect transistor comprising:
a substrate;
a semiconductor channel disposed on the substrate;
a source electrode and a drain electrode disposed on opposite ends of the semiconductor channel, respectively; and
at least one additional electrode disposed independently of the source electrode and the drain electrode,
wherein the at least one additional electrode is in direct contact with a surface of the semiconductor channel forming a schottky barrier between the at least one additional electrode and the surface of the semiconductor channel.
2. The field-effect transistor according to claim 1 , wherein
the source electrode, the drain electrode and the at least one additional electrode are disposed substantially parallel to one another, and
the semiconductor channel is disposed substantially perpendicular to the source electrode, the drain electrode and the at least one additional electrode.
3. The field-effect transistor according to claim 1 , wherein the substrate includes one selected from the group consisting of a silicon wafer, a III-V group semiconductor substrate, a II-VI group semiconductor substrate, an epitaxially grown silicon-germanium substrate, a glass substrate, a quartz substrate, a metal substrate and a plastic substrate.
4. The field-effect transistor according to claim 1 , wherein the semiconductor channel comprises at least one of a nanowire and a nanotube.
5. The field-effect transistor according to claim 4 , wherein
the nanowire includes a material selected from the group consisting of silicon, zinc oxide, vanadium pentoxide, gallium nitride, gallium phosphide, indium phosphide, indium arsenide, gallium arsenide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, aluminum nitride and combinations thereof, and
the nanotube includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a single-walled nanotube, a multi-walled nanotube and a rope nanotube.
6. The field-effect transistor according to claim 1 , wherein a surface of at least one of the source electrode, the drain electrode and the semiconductor channel is covered with an insulating material.
7. The field-effect transistor according to claim 6 , wherein each of the source electrode and the drain electrode includes a material selected from the group consisting of platinum, gold, chrome, copper, aluminum, nickel, palladium, titanium, molybdenum, lead, iridium, rhodium, cobalt, tungsten, tantalum, erbium, ytterbium, samarium, yttrium, gadolinium, terbium, cerium and a combination thereof.
8. The field-effect transistor according to claim 1 , wherein
the at least one additional electrode includes a metal having a work function greater than a work function of a semiconductor when the semiconductor channel includes an n-type semiconductor material, and
the at least one additional electrode includes a metal having a work function less than a work function of a semiconductor when the semiconductor channel includes a p-type semiconductor material.
9. The field-effect transistor according to claim 8 , wherein an interval between the at least one additional electrode is in a range from about 1 micrometer to about 20 micrometers.
10. The field-effect transistor according to claim 8 , wherein a width of the at least one additional electrode is about twice a width of the semiconductor channel.
11. The field-effect transistor according to claim 1 , further comprising
at least one of a gate electrode disposed under the substrate and a gate insulating layer disposed between the gate electrode and the substrate.
12. A field-effect transistor-based sensor comprising:
a semiconductor channel;
a source electrode and a drain electrode disposed on opposite ends of the semiconductor channel, respectively;
at least one additional electrode disposed independently of the source electrode and the drain electrode, wherein the at least one additional electrode is in direct contact with a surface of the semiconductor channel forming a schottky barrier between the at least one additional electrode and the surface of the semiconductor channel; and
a reaction material attached to a surface of the at least one additional electrode, wherein the reaction material has a specific affinity for a target material.
13. The field-effect transistor-based sensor according to claim 12 , wherein at least one of a contact surface between the source electrode and the semiconductor channel and a contact surface between the drain electrode and the semiconductor channel includes a contact surface covered with an insulating material.
14. The field-effect transistor-based sensor according to claim 12 , wherein
the at least one additional electrode includes a metal having a work function greater than a work function of a semiconductor when the semiconductor channel includes an n-type semiconductor material, and
the at least one additional electrode includes a metal having a work function less than a work function of a semiconductor when the semiconductor channel includes a p-type semiconductor material.
15. The field-effect transistor-based sensor according to claim 14 , wherein the work function of the at least one additional electrode changes when the target material is specifically bound to the reaction material.
16. The field-effect transistor-based sensor according to claim 15 , wherein
at least one of a functional group and a linker molecule is disposed on a surface of the at least one additional electrode, and
the functional group and the linker molecule react with the reaction material.
17. The field-effect transistor-based sensor according to claim 14 , wherein
the at least one additional electrode includes a plurality of additional electrodes,
an interval between the plurality of additional electrode is in a range from about 1 micrometer to about 20 micrometers, and
a width of each of the plurality of additional electrodes is about twice a width of the semiconductor channel.
18. The field-effect transistor-based sensor according to claim 12 , wherein contact resistance due to a schottky barrier is controlled by adjusting at least one of number, shape and size of the at least one additional electrode.
19. The field-effect transistor-based sensor according to claim 12 , wherein the target material includes a material selected from the group consisting of a polynucleotide, a polypeptide, an oligosaccharide, a hormone, an organic molecule, a xenobiotic, a biomolecule, a chemical material and a combination thereof.