Apparatus and methods for conducting assays and high throughput screening
The present invention provides microfluidic devices and methods for using the same. In particular, microfluidic devices of the present invention are useful in conducting a variety of assays and high throughput screening. Microfluidic devices of the present invention include elastomeric components and comprise a main flow channel; a plurality of branch flow channels; a plurality of control channels; and a plurality of valves. Preferably, each of the valves comprises one of the control channels and an elastomeric segment that is deflectable into or retractable from the main or branch flow channel upon which the valve operates in response to an actuation force applied to the control channel.
1. A method of conducting a cellular analysis, comprising
(a) providing a microfluidic device, said device comprising holding spaces in which cells may be retained;
(b) introducing a solution comprising cells into the microfluidic device so that in a plurality of said holding spaces a single cell is retained; and
(c) performing an assay by:
(i) within each said holding space in which a cell is retained, contacting the cell with a solution containing an assay agent, and
(ii) detecting a signal resulting from said contacting in step (i).
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the holding spaces are cell cages that retain cells but allow solution to flow through.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the holding space is a chamber at an intersection of two flow channels.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the agent is selected from polypeptides; carbohydrates, polynucleotides, lipids, phospholipids, fatty acids, steroids, and small organic molecules.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the agent is a heterocyclic compound, carbocyclic compound, antibody, substrate, cofactor, enzyme inhibitor, cell lysing agent or toxicant.
6. The method of claim 4 wherein the assay is a cell proliferation assay and the signal results from the action of acid phosphatase on a benzothiazole substrate.
7. The method of claim 4 wherein the assay is an assay for cell lysis and the signal results from the action of luciferase on ATP.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the cells in a first holding space are contacted with a first assay agent, and cells in a second holding space are contacted with a different assay agent.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the signal is fluorescence.
10. The method of claim 1 or 9 wherein the signal is detected by an optical detector that detects signal from a single cell.