Apparatus for fluid storage using paver blocks
Systems and methods for a porous pavement system are described. The porous pavement system includes paver blocks designed to facilitate water seepage between the paver blocks and to permit water storage within the blocks. The paver blocks may be cabled together to create paving units that facilitate installation and maintenance of the pavement system. The porous pavement system provides improved management of stormwater, reducing runoff and facilitating infiltration of stormwater into the subgrade below the paving system.
1. A block for use in a paving system, comprising:
an upper surface;
a lower surface generally parallel to and spaced apart from the upper surface;
a first, second, third, and fourth side, each side having a height and connecting the upper and the lower surface, wherein a first side is non-planar and a second side, opposite the first side, is non-planar and complementary to the first side such that the first side of the block engages the second side of a second block placed adjacent to the block to restrict lateral movement of the adjacent blocks;
a generally rounded upper edge at the connection of each side to the upper surface;
a pair of ducts extending through the block between the first side and the second side, wherein at least a portion of each of the first side and the second side slopes toward the rounded upper edge;
at least one spacer protruding from at least one of the plurality of sides and extending along at least a portion of the height of the side; and
a cavity extending along the length of the lower surface, wherein the cavity allows fluid storage within the block and the volume of the cavity is at least two percent of the volume of the block; and wherein each of the first and second sides includes:
a first, central surface,
a second surface stepped toward an outer periphery of the block from the first surface,
a third surface stepped an equal distance toward the outer periphery along an opposite edge of the first surface,
a fourth surface stepped to the outer periphery from the second surface,
and a fifth surface stepped to the outer periphery from the third surface.
2. The block of claim 1 wherein the slope of the first and second sides is defined by an angle formed between each of the sides and a plane extending perpendicular from the lower surface, wherein the angle formed is between about 1 degree and about 3 degrees.
3. The block of claim 1 further comprising:
a first spacer protruding from and extending along at least one of the third side and the fourth side; and
a second spacer protruding from and extending along at least one of the third side and the fourth side.
4. The block of claim 1 wherein a width of the cavity is at least 25 percent of a width of the lower surface, and a height of the cavity is between 25 and 50 percent of a height of one of the sides.
5. The block of claim 1 wherein:
a plurality of blocks aligned in a plurality of rows form a paving unit such that the first side of the blocks in a first row interlock with the second side of blocks in an adjacent row, creating a paved surface, and
a first of the pair of ducts of the paver blocks in the first row align with a second of the pair of ducts of the paver blocks in the second row, allowing an interlocking cable to pass therethrough, securing the first row to the second row.
6. A block for use in a paving system, further comprising:
a continuous upper surface;
a lower surface generally opposite the upper surface having a cavity extending along the lower surface;
a non-planar first side further comprising:
a lower portion defining an arch in communication with the cavity, the lower portion extending generally orthogonal from the lower surface for a first portion of the height of the first side, and
an upper portion extending obliquely inward from an upper edge of the lower portion to the upper surface, wherein the first side is symmetrical about a center line extending from the lower surface to the upper surface and each half of the first side includes at least a first section extending between the lower surface and the upper surface and a second section extending between the lower surface and the upper surface, the second section displaced from the first section;
a non-planar second side generally opposite the first side, further comprising:
a lower portion defining an arch in communication with the cavity, the lower portion extending generally orthogonal from the lower surface for a first portion of the height of the second side, and
an upper portion extending obliquely inward from an upper edge of the lower portion to the upper surface, wherein the second side is symmetrical about a center line extending from the lower surface to the upper surface and each half of the second side includes at least a first section extending between the lower surface and the upper surface and a second section extending between the lower surface and the upper surface, the second section displaced from the first section;
a third side generally defined by the lower surface, the upper surface, the first side and the second side;
a fourth side generally opposite the third side and defined by the lower surface, the upper surface, the first side and the second side;
a first duct extending between the first side and the second side;
a second duct generally parallel to the first duct extending between the first side and the second side; and
at least one spacer protruding from and extending substantially along the height of at least one of the third side and the fourth side.
7. The block of claim 6 , wherein:
each half of the first side further comprises a third section extending between the lower surface and the upper surface, the third section displaced from each of the first and second sections; and
each half of the second side further comprises a third section extending between the lower surface and the upper surface, the third section displaced from each of the first and second sections.
8. The block of claim 6 , further comprising:
a first spacer protruding from and extending substantially along the height of at least one of the third side and the fourth side; and
a second spacer protruding from and extending substantially along the height of at least one of the third side and the fourth side.
9. The block of claim 6 wherein each of the first duct and the second duct are positioned within the upper portion of each of the first side and the second side.
10. The block of claim 6 , wherein:
an angle defined between a plane extending from the lower portion of the first side and the obliquely extending upper portion of the first side is between about 1 and 3 degrees; and
an angle defined between a plane extending from the lower portion of the second side and the obliquely extending upper portion of the second side is between about 1 and 3 degrees.
11. The block of claim 6 wherein a width of the cavity is at least 25 percent of a width of the lower surface, and a height of the cavity is between 25 and 50 percent of a height of one of the sides.
12. The block of claim 6 wherein the first side of the block is configured to be positioned adjacent to and offset by one half the width of the first side to the second side of a second block and the second side of a third block.
13. The block of claim 12 wherein:
one of the first section and the second section of one half of the first side of the first block engages one of the first section and the second section of one half of the second side of the second block,
one of the first section and the second section of the other half of the first side of the first block engages one of the first section and the second section of one half of the second side of the third block, and
the engagement of the first block with the second and third blocks prevent lateral movement by the first block with respect to the second and third blocks.
14. A block for use in a paving system, further comprising
an upper surface;
a lower surface opposing the upper surface;
a first side extending between the upper and the lower surface including at least one of a recessed or a raised section;
a second side generally opposite the first side extending between the upper and the lower surface including at least one of a raised or a recessed section;
a third side extending between the upper and the lower surface;
a fourth side generally opposite the third side extending between the upper and the lower surface;
at least one drainage spacer extending along at least a portion of one of the third and fourth sides;
a pair of ducts extending between the first side and the second side; and
a channel extending along the lower surface between an outlet on the first side and an outlet on the second side,
wherein the recessed or raised sections on each of the first and second sides define a stepped surface including:
a first, central surface,
a second surface stepped toward an outer periphery of the block from the first surface,
a third surface stepped an equal distance toward the outer periphery along an opposite edge of the first surface,
a fourth surface stepped to the outer periphery from the second surface, and
a fifth surface stepped to the outer periphery from the third surface including:
a first, central surface,
a second surface stepped toward an outer periphery of the block from the first surface,
a third surface stepped an equal distance toward the outer periphery along an opposite edge of the first surface,
a fourth surface stepped to the outer periphery from the second surface, and
a fifth surface stepped to the outer periphery from the third surface.
15. The block of claim 14 , further comprising:
a first spacer protruding from and extending substantially along the height of at least one of the third side and the fourth side; and
a second spacer protruding from and extending substantially along the height of at least one of the third side and the fourth side.
16. The block of claim 14 , wherein:
the channel is arched;
a width of the channel is less than a width of the lower surface; and
a center line of the channel is aligned with a center line of the lower surface.
17. The block of claim 14 wherein the first side of the block is configured to be positioned adjacent to and offset by one half the width of the first side to the second side of a second block and the second side of a third block.
18. The block of claim 17 wherein:
the channel of the first block is in fluid communication with the channel of each of the second and third blocks; and
the outlet on the first side of the first block is in communication with less than half of the outlets on the second side of each of the second and third blocks.
19. The block of claim 17 wherein:
each of the pair of ducts extends generally parallel to the other of the pair of ducts;
a first duct of the pair of ducts in the first block generally aligns with a second duct of the pair of ducts in the second block; and
the second duct of the pair of ducts in the first block generally aligns with the first duct of the pair of ducts in the third block.
20. The block of claim 14 wherein:
the first side is non-planar and further comprises:
a lower portion defining an arch in communication with the channel, the lower portion extending generally orthogonal from the lower surface for a first portion of the height of the first side, and
an upper portion extending obliquely inward from an upper edge of the lower portion to the upper surface, wherein the first side is symmetrical about a center line extending from the lower surface to the upper surface and each half of the first side includes at least a first section extending between the lower surface and the upper surface and a second section extending between the lower surface and the upper surface, the second section displaced from the first section; and
the second side is non-planar and further comprises:
a lower portion defining an arch in communication with the channel, the lower portion extending generally orthogonal from the lower surface for a first portion of the height of the second side, and
an upper portion extending obliquely inward from an upper edge of the lower portion to the upper surface, wherein the second side is symmetrical about a center line extending from the lower surface to the upper surface and each half of the second side includes at least a first section extending between the lower surface and the upper surface and a second section extending between the lower surface and the upper surface, the second section displaced from the first section.