Synthesis of higher diamondoids
In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to methods for synthesizing higher diamondoids, wherein said methods involve augmenting existing diamondoid molecules through the bonding of carbon atoms to such existing diamondoid species with intramolecular cross-linking so as to form larger diamondoids containing face-fused diamond-crystal (adamantane) cages with carbon frameworks superimposable on the cubic-diamond crystal lattice.
1. A method for synthesizing higher diamondoid molecules, the method comprising
providing sufficient energy to a reactant precursor composition comprising diamondoid molecules having at least 3 cages so as to create free radical species,
allowing a reaction to occur between the free radical species and the diamondoid molecules having at least 3 cages to thereby add at least one cage to the molecules and yield augmented higher diamondoid species, and
recovering the augmented higher diamondoid species.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the energy is provided in a reactor.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the reactor is under an inert atmosphere.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the free radicals are provided in association with a plasma.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reaction occurs in a gaseous phase and the augmented higher diamondoid species condense on a substrate.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reaction takes place at a temperature of between 200° C. and 500° C.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reaction takes place in the presence of a catalyst.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the catalyst comprises a super-acid.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the catalyst comprises montmorillonite.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reactant precursor composition comprises a quantity of at least one non-diamondoid reactant species.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the at least one non-diamondoid reactant species comprises isobutane or isobutene.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reactant precursor composition comprises a quantity of lower diamondoid species selected from the group consisting of adamantane, diamantane, and combinations thereof.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein providing sufficient energy to the reactant precursor composition so as to create free radical species and allowing a reaction to occur between the free radical species and the diamondoid molecules is arrived at via:
a) seeding a substrate with a diamondoid molecule; and
b) growing a diamondoid film on said substrate in a CVD chamber, via chemical vapor deposition, wherein the diamondoid molecules serve as nucleating seeds for growth of said diamondoid film.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the CVD chamber contains a substrate operable for condensing larger diamondoids from the gas phase.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the substrate is agitated so that condensed diamondoids are re-introduced into a diamondoid growth environment.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the substrate temperature is controlled to condense diamondoids of desired size.
17. A method for synthesizing higher diamondoid molecules, the method comprising:
providing a reactant precursor composition comprising diamondoid molecules having at least 3 cages,
imparting energy to the reactant precursor composition so as to effect augmentation of the diamondoid molecules having at least 3 cages so as to thereby add at least one cage to said molecules, and so as to thereby provide a higher diamondoid composition comprising augmented higher diamondoids, and
recovering the augmented higher diamondoids from the higher diamondoid composition.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the reactant precursor composition comprising diamondoid molecules having at least 3 cages comprises diamondoid species that have been extracted from a petroleum resource.