Cancer immunotherapy with a viral antigen-defined, immunomodulator-secreting cell vaccine
A human cell line, which lacks major histocompatibility class I (MHC-I) antigens and major histocompatibility class II (MHC-II) antigens and which has been modified to comprise and express (i) a nucleotide sequence encoding an immunomodulator and (ii) a nucleotide sequence encoding a viral antigen, and a method of inducing or stimulating an immune response in a human to a viral-associated disease or cancer comprising administering to the human (i) the aforementioned human cell line in an amount sufficient to induce or stimulate an immune response to the viral associated disease or cancer, (ii) a human cell line, which lacks MHC-I and MHC-11 antigens and which has been modified to comprise and express a nucleotide sequence encoding an immunomodulator, and a human cell line, which lacks MHC-I and MHC-II antigens and which has been modified to comprise and express a nucleotide sequence encoding an antigen of EBV, simultaneously or sequentially in either order, by the same or different routes, in amounts sufficient to induce or stimulate an immune response to the viral-associated disease or cancer, or (iii) an immunomodulator and a human cell line, which lacks MHC-I and MHC-II antigens and which has been modified to comprise and express a nucleotide sequence encoding an antigen of EBV, simultaneously or sequentially in either order, by the same or different routes, in amounts sufficient to induce or stimulate an immune response to the viral associated disease or cancer.
1. A method of inducing or stimulating an immune response in a human to an EBV-associated cancer, which method comprises administering to the human an immunomodulator in an amount sufficient to induce to stimulate an immune response, and simultaneously or sequentially, in either order, by the same route or a different route, a human cell line, which lacks MHC-I and MHC-II antigens and which has been modified to comprise and express a nucleotide sequence encoding an antigen of EBV, in an amount sufficient to induce to stimulate an immune response, whereupon an immune response to the EBV-associated cancer is induced or stimulated, wherein the human cell line is K562.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the human has or is at risk for Hodgkin's lymphoma.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the human has or is at risk for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the human has or is at risk for gastric carcinoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, T-cell lymphoma, B-cell lymphoma, parotid carcinoma, breast carcinoma, and leiomyosarcoma.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the immunomodulator is a cytokine, a chemokine or an adjuvant.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the cytokine is an interferon, and interleukin, a tumor necrosis factor, erythropoietin, and FLT-3 ligand.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein interferon (IFN) is IFN.alpha., IFN.beta, or IFN.gamma.
8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the interleukin (IL) is IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 or IL-20.
9. The method of claim 6 , wherein the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is TNF.alpha, or TNF.beta.
10. The method of claim 5 , wherein the chemokine is Mip1.alpha., Mip-1.beta., Mip-3.alpha. (Larc), Mip-3.beta., Rantes, Hcc-1, Mpif-1, Mpif-2, Mcp-1, Mcp-2, Mcp-3, Mcp-4, Mcp-5, Eotaxin, Tare, Elc, I309, IL-8, Gcp-2 Gro-a, Gro-.alpha., Gro-.beta., Nap-2, Ena-78, Gcp-2, Ip-10, Mig, I-Tac, Sdf-1, or Bca-1 (Blc).
11. The method of claim 5 , wherein the adjuvant is a heat shock protein or CpG.