Inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase with antibacterial antiprotozoal, antifungal and anticancer properties
The compositions and methods described herein discloses the design, synthesis and testing of compounds that act as inhibitors of DHFR. The basic scaffold of these inhibitors includes a 2,4-diaminopyrimidine ring with a propargyl linker to another substituted aryl, bicyclo or heteroaryl ring. These DHFR inhibitors are potent and selective for many different pathogenic organisms, including the DHFR enzyme from bacteria such as Bacillus anthracis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , fungi such as Candida glabrata, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans and protozoa such as Cryptosporidium hominis and Toxoplasma gondii . These compounds and other similar compounds are also potent against the mammalian enzyme and may be useful as anti-cancer therapeutics.
1. A compound of formula I
wherein R is selected from the group consisting of H, C 1-5 -alkyl, C 1-3 -alkoxy, and hydroxy;
wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1-5 -alkyl, and cycloalkyl;
wherein A and B are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1-5 alkyl, hydroxy, and C 1 to C 6 alkoxy, provided that at least one of A and B is not C 1-5 alkyl, or A and B together with the carbon to which they are connected form a ring of from 3 to 7 members wherein the ring members are selected form the group consisting of alkylene, alkenylene, and alkynylene; and
wherein V, W, X, Y, and Z are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, lower alkoxy, and phenyl, wherein the phenyl substituent may itself be optionally substituted with halogen, lower haloalkyl, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, or lower alkylsulfonyl, wherein “lower” used in conjunction with any of the above groups is C 1 to C 6 , and at least one of V, W, X, Y, and Z is a methoxy group;
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
2. The compound of claim 1 , wherein at least one of W, X, and Y is a methoxy group.
3. The compound of claim 2 , wherein all of W, X, and Y are methoxy groups.
4. The compound of claim 1 , wherein at least one of V and Y is a methoxy group.
5. The compound of claim 4 , wherein both of V and Y are methoxy groups.
6. The compound of claim 1 , wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of
5-[3-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-1-yn-1-yl]-6-methylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine;
5-[3-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-1-yn-1-yl]pyrimidine-2,4-diamine;
5-[3-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-1-yn-1-yl]-6-ethylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine;
5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)prop-1-yn-1-yl]pyrimidine-2,4-diamine;
6-methyl-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)prop-1-yn-1-yl]pyrimidine-2,4-diamine;
5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)but-1-yn-1-yl]pyrimidine-2,4-diamine;
6-methyl-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)but-1-yn-1-yl]pyrimidine-2,4-diamine;
(R)-6-methyl-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)but-1-yn-1-yl]pyrimidine-2,4-diamine;
(S)-6-methyl-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)but-1-yn-1-yl]pyrimidine-2,4-diamine;
3-(2,4-diaminopyrimidin-5-yl)-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-yn-1-ol;
3-(2,4-diamino-6-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-yn-1-ol;
5-[3-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)prop-1-yn-1-yl]pyrimidine-2,4-diamine;
5-[3-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-1-yl-1-yl]-6-propylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine;
6-methlyl-5-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)pent-1-yn-1-yl]pyrimidine-2,4-diamine;
5-[3-(5-methoxybiphenyl-3-yl)but-1-yn-1-yl]-6-methylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine;
5-[3-(5-methoxy-2′-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)but-1-yn-1-yl]-6-methylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine;
5-[3-(5-methoxy-3′,5′-dimethylbiphenyl-3-yl)but-1-yn-1-yl]-6-methylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine;
5-[3-(5-methoxy-4′-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)but-1-yn-1-yl]-6-methylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine;
5-[3-(5-methoxy-2′,6′-dimethylbiphenyl-3-yl)but-1-yn-1-yl]-6-methylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine;
5-[3-(3-bromo-5-methoxyphenyl)but-1-yn-1-yl]-6-methylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine;
5-[3-(2,5-dimethoxybiphenyl-3-yl)but-1-yn-1-yl]-6-methylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine; and
5-[3-methoxy-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)prop-1-yn-1-yl]-6-methylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine.
7. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to claim 1 in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, excipients or carriers.
8. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to claim 6 in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, excipients or carriers.
9. The compound of claim 1 , wherein one of V, W, X, Y, and Z is phenyl, optionally, substituted with halogen, lower haloalkyl, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, or lower alkylsulfonyl.
10. The compound of claim 1 , wherein W is phenyl, optionally, substituted with halogen, lower haloalkyl, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, or lower alkylsulfonyl, and Y is methoxy.
11. A method of inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase comprising administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of the compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to an individual in need thereof wherein formula I is
wherein R is selected from the group consisting of H, C 1-5 alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, and hydroxy;
wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C i-5 alkyl, and cycloalkyl;
wherein A and B are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1-5 alkyl, hydroxy, and C 1 to C 6 alkoxy;, provided that at least one of A and B is not C 1-5 alkyl, or A and B together with the carbon to which they are connected form a ring of from 3 to 7 members wherein the ring members are selected form the group consisting of alkylene, alkenylene, and alkynylene; and
wherein V, W, X, Y, and Z are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, lower alkoxy, and phenyl, wherein the phenyl substituent may itself be optionally substituted with halogen, lower haloalkyl, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, or lower alkylsulfonyl, wherein “lower” used in conjunction with any of the above groups is C 1 to C 6 , and at least one of V, W, X, Y, and Z is a methoxy group.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein at least one of W, X, and Y is a methoxy group.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein all of W, X, and Y are methoxy groups.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein at least one of V and Y is a methoxy group.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein both of V and Y are methoxy groups.
16. A composition comprising the compound of claim 1 , and further comprising a sulfa compound.
17. The method of claim 11 , further comprising administering a sulfa compound.