Cyclopropenones and the photochemical generation of cyclic alkynes therefrom
Cyclic alkynes (e.g., cyclooctynes such as dibenzocyclooctynes) can be photochemically generated from cyclopropenones as disclosed herein. The cyclic alkynes can be reacted (e.g., in situ) with materials having alkyne-reactive groups (e.g., azide groups in a “click” reaction). In preferred embodiments, the generation and reaction of the cyclic alkyne can proceed in the absence of a catalyst (e.g., Cu(I)). These reactions can be useful, for example, for the selective labeling of living cells that are metabolically modified with azido-containing surface monosaccharides, or for light-directed surface patterning.
1. A compound having the formula:
wherein each Ar is a phenyl group; E represents C(R 4 ) 2 ; each R 4 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, a C1-C10 organic group, and a linking group; and each R 6 is independently hydrogen, a C1-C10 organic group, and/or a linking group;
with the proviso that the compound is attached to a polymer, wherein the polymer comprises a polymer brush.
2. A compound having the formula:
wherein each Ar is a phenyl group; G represents CR 6 , N, or P; and each R 5 and R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, a C1-C10 organic group, and a linking group;
with the proviso that the compound is attached to a polymer, wherein the polymer comprises a polymer brush.
3. A compound having the formula I:
wherein:
R 1 is selected from the group consisting of: an alkoxy and a hydroxyl;
R 2 is selected from the group consisting of: an alkyl, a heteroalkyl, a cycloalkyl, a heterocycloalkyl, an aryl, an alkoxy, a carboxy, a hydroxyl, an ether, an ester, and a halogen; and
the cyclooctyne is a dibenzocyclooctyne;
with the proviso that the compound is attached to a polymer, wherein the polymer comprises a polymer brush.
4. A method of immobilizing a material on a surface, the method comprising:
(a) photochemically generating a cyclic alkyne attached to a polymer from a cyclopropenone according to claim 1 ; and
(b) contacting the cyclic alkyne with an azide under conditions effective to form a triazole.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the azide comprises a detectable label.
6. The method of claim 4 wherein the azide is selected from the group consisting of: an alkyl azide, a heteroalkyl azide, a cycloalkyl azide, a heterocycloalkyl azide, an alkylamino azide, a benzyl azide, an aryl azide, an alkyacyl azide, and an arylacyl azide.
7. The method of claim 4 wherein step (a) comprises irradiating the cyclopropenone with light having a wavelength selectively absorbed by the cyclopropenone, and substantially not absorbed by a cyclic alkyne or by a trizaole.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the wavelength of light is from about 220 nm to about 450 nm.
9. A method of immobilizing a material on a surface, the method comprising:
(a) photochemically generating a cyclic alkyne attached to a polymer from a cyclopropenone according to claim 2 ; and
(b) contacting the cyclic alkyne with an azide under conditions effective to form a triazole.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the azide comprises a detectable label.
11. The method of claim 9 wherein the azide is selected from the group consisting of: an alkyl azide, a heteroalkyl azide, a cycloalkyl azide, a heterocycloalkyl azide, an alkylamino azide, a benzyl azide, an aryl azide, an alkyacyl azide, and an arylacyl azide.
12. The method of claim 9 wherein step (a) comprises irradiating the cyclopropenone with light having a wavelength selectively absorbed by the cyclopropenone, and substantially not absorbed by a cyclic alkyne or by a trizaole.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the wavelength of light is from about 220 nm to about 450 nm.
14. A method of photochemically inducing the reaction of two materials, the method comprising:
photochemically generating a cyclic alkyne from a compound according to claim 1 ; and
contacting the cyclic alkyne with a material comprising an alkyne-reactive group under conditions effective for the cyclic alkyne and the material comprising the alkyne-reactive group to react.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the method photochemically induces the ligation of the cyclic alkyne and the material comprising the alkyne-reactive group.
16. The method of claim 14 wherein the method forms a cyclic adduct.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein the material comprising the alkyne-reactive group is a 1,3-dipole-functional compound.
18. The method of claim 17 wherein the cyclic adduct is a heterocyclic compound.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein the 1,3-dipole-functional compound is selected from the group consisting of azide-functional compounds, nitrile oxide-functional compounds, nitrone-functional compounds, azoxy-functional compounds, acyl diazo-functional compounds, and combinations thereof.
20. The method of claim 19 wherein the 1,3-dipole-functional compound is an azide-functional compound, and the cyclic adduct is a triazole.
21. The method of claim 17 wherein the material comprising the alkyne-reactive group is a diene, and the cyclic adduct is a Diels-Alder adduct.
22. The method of claim 17 wherein the material comprising the alkyne-reactive group is a nitrosoarene, and the cyclic adduct is an N-hydroxy indole.
23. The method of claim 17 wherein the material comprising the alkyne-reactive group is a metal-containing compound.
24. The method of claim 23 wherein the metal-containing compound is a four- or five-memebered platinacycle.
25. The method of claim 17 wherein the material comprising the alkyne-reactive group is carbon monoxide, the method further comprising contacting the cyclic alkyne with an alkene, and the cyclic adduct is a [2+2+1] cycloaddition product.
26. The method of claim 14 wherein the material comprising the alkyne-reactive group is a metal carbene complex, the method further comprising contacting the cyclic alkyne with an alkene under conditions effective to form a butadiene.
27. The method of claim 26 wherein the method comprises enyne metathesis.
28. The method of claim 14 wherein the material comprising the alkyne-reactive group is an alkyne, the method further comprising contacting the cyclic alkyne with a metal catalyst under conditions effective to form a different alkyne.
29. The method of claim 28 wherein the method comprises alkyne metathesis.
30. The method of claim 14 wherein the method further comprises the step of providing a cyclopropenone, said step comprising:
(i) providing a 3 , 3 ′-dialkyloxybibenzyl; and
(ii) reacting the 3 , 3 ′-dialkyloxybibenzyl with tetrachloropenone in the presence of anhydrous aluminum chloride under medium dilution conditions effective to generate a cyclopropenone.
31. A method of photochemically inducing the reaction of two materials, the method comprising:
photochemically generating a cyclic alkyne from a compound according to claim 2 : and
contacting the cyclic alkyne with a material comprising an alkyne-reactive group under conditions effective for the cyclic alkyne and the material comprising the alkyne-reactive group to react.
32. The method of claim 31 wherein the method photochemically induces the ligation of the cyclic alkyne and the material comprising the alkyne-reactive group.
33. The method of claim 31 wherein the method forms a cyclic adduct.
34. The method of claim 33 wherein the material comprising the alkyne-reactive group is a 1,3-dipole-functional compound.
35. The method of claim 34 wherein the cyclic adduct is a heterocyclic compound.
36. The method of claim 35 wherein the 1,3-dipole-functional compound is selected from the group consisting of azide-functional compounds, nitrile oxide-functional compounds, nitrone-functional compounds, azoxy-functional compounds, acyl diazo-functional compounds, and combinations thereof.
37. The method of claim 36 wherein the 1,3-dipole-functional compound is an azide-functional compound, and the cyclic adduct is a triazole.
38. The method of claim 33 wherein the material comprising the alkyne-reactive group is a diene, and the cyclic adduct is a Diels-Alder adduct.
39. The method of claim 33 wherein the material comprising the alkyne-reactive group is a nitrosoarene, and the cyclic adduct is an N-hydroxy indole.
40. The method of claim 33 wherein the material comprising the alkyne-reactive group is a metal-containing compound.
41. The method of claim 40 wherein the metal-containing compound is a four- or five-memebered platinacycle.
42. The method of claim 33 wherein the material comprising the alkyne-reactive group is carbon monoxide, the method further comprising contacting the cyclic alkyne with an alkene, and the cyclic adduct is a [2+2+1] cycloaddition product.
43. The method of claim 31 wherein the material comprising the alkyne-reactive group is a metal carbene complex, the method further comprising contacting the cyclic alkyne with an alkene under conditions effective to form a butadiene.
44. The method of claim 43 wherein the method comprises enyne metathesis.
45. The method of claim 31 wherein the material comprising the alkyne-reactive group is an alkyne, the method further comprising contacting the cyclic alkyne with a metal catalyst under conditions effective to form a different alkyne.
46. The method of claim 45 wherein the method comprises alkyne metathesis.
47. The method of claim 31 wherein the method further comprises the step of providing a cyclopropenone, said step comprising:
(i) providing a 3,3′-dialkyloxybibenzyl; and
(ii) reacting the 3,3′-dialkyloxybibenzyl with tetrachloropenone in the presence of anhydrous aluminum chloride under medium dilution conditions effective to generate a cyclopropenone.