Solid composite propellants and methods of making propellants
Solid composite propellants are provided that include a matrix comprising an energetic oxidizer and a binder. A multi-layered reactive thin film is provided in the matrix. The reactive thin film includes metal and inorganic oxidizer. Methods of making the solid composite propellants are also provided.
1. A solid composite propellant, comprising:
a matrix comprising an energetic oxidizer and a binder; and
a multi-layered reactive thin film dispersed in the matrix, the reactive thin film comprising at least a first metal layer and a first inorganic oxidizer layer adjacent to and in direct contact with the first metal layer.
2. The solid composite propellant of claim 1 , wherein the first metal layer and the first inorganic oxidizer layer are chemically bonded to each other.
3. The solid composite propellant of claim 1 , further comprising:
a second metal layer adjacent the first inorganic oxidizer layer; and
a second inorganic oxidizer layer adjacent the second metal layer.
4. The solid composite propellant of claim 3 , wherein:
the first metal layer is composed of a first metal; and
the second metal layer is composed of a second metal different from the first metal.
5. The solid composite propellant of claim 3 , wherein:
the first inorganic oxidizer layer is composed of a first inorganic oxidizer; and
the second inorganic oxidizer layer is composed of a second inorganic oxidizer different from the first inorganic oxidizer.
6. The solid composite propellant of claim 1 , wherein:
the first metal layer of the reactive thin film is composed of a metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, beryllium, zirconium, titanium, boron, magnesium, and combinations thereof; and
the first inorganic oxidizer layer of the reactive thin film is composed of at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of La 2 O 3 , AgO, ThO 2 , SrO, ZrO 2 , UO 2 , BaO, CeO 2 , B 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , V 2 O 5 , Ta 2 O 5 , NiO, Ni 2 O 3 , Cr 2 O 3 , MoO 3 , P 2 O5, SnO 2 , WO 2 , WO 3 , Fe 3 O 4 , MoO 3 , NiO, CoO, Co 3 O 4 , Sb 2 O 3 , PbO, Fe 2 O 3 , Bi 2 O 3 , MnO 2 , Cu 2 O and CuO.
7. The solid composite propellant of claim 1 , further comprising a metal powder dispersed in the matrix.
8. The solid composite propellant of claim 1 , wherein the first metal layer or the first inorganic oxidizer layer is disposed on a substrate.
9. The solid composite propellant of claim 1 , wherein the first metal layer contains hydrogen.
10. The solid composite propellant of claim 2 , wherein the first metal layer and the second metal layer contain hydrogen.
11. The solid composite propellant of claim 8 , wherein:
the substrate is composed of a metal; and
the substrate and the first metal layer contain hydrogen.
12. The solid composite propellant of claim 1 , wherein each of the first metal layer and the first inorganic oxidizer layer has a thickness of less than about 500 nm.
13. The solid composite propellant of claim 1 , which comprises about 1 to about 35 wt. % of the reactive thin film.
14. The solid composite propellant of claim 1 , wherein the reactive thin film comprises a plurality of additional metal layers and inorganic oxide layers arranged in an alternating stacked arrangement on the first metal layer or the first inorganic oxidizer layer.
15. The solid composite propellant of claim 14 , wherein the first metal layer and the additional metal layers contain hydrogen.
16. The solid composite propellant of claim 1 , wherein the first metal layer and the first inorganic oxidizer layer have a composition gradient.
17. A rocket motor, comprising:
a combustion chamber; and
a solid composite propellant contained in the combustion chamber, the solid composite propellant including:
a matrix comprising an energetic oxidizer and a binder; and
a multi-layered reactive thin film dispersed in the matrix, the reactive thin film comprising at least a first metal layer and a first inorganic oxidizer layer adjacent to and in direct contact with the first metal layer.
18. A method of making a solid composite propellant, comprising:
forming a mixture comprising an energetic oxidizer, a binder and a multi-layered reactive thin film, the reactive thin film comprising at least a first metal layer and a first inorganic oxidizer layer adjacent to and in direct contact with the first metal layer; and
solidifying the mixture to form a solid composite propellant comprising the reactive thin film dispersed in a matrix of the binder and the energetic oxidizer.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the reactive thin film further comprises:
a second metal layer adjacent the first inorganic oxidizer layer; and
a second inorganic oxidizer layer adjacent the second metal layer.
20. The method of claim 18 , wherein:
the first metal layer of the reactive thin film is composed of a metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, beryllium, zirconium, titanium, boron, magnesium, and combinations thereof; and
the first inorganic oxide layer of the reactive thin film is composed of at least one oxide selected from group consisting of La 2 O 3 , AgO, ThO 2 , SrO, ZrO 2 , UO 2 , BaO, CeO 2 , B 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , V 2 O 5 , Ta 2 O 5 , NiO, Ni 2 O 3 , Cr 2 O 3 , MoO 3 , P 2 O5, SnO 2 , WO 2 , WO 3 , Fe 3 O 4 , MoO 3 , NiO, COO, Co 3 O 4 , Sb 2 O 3 , PbO, Fe 2 O 3 , Bi 2 O 3 , MnO 2 , Cu 2 O and CuO.
21. The method claim 18 , wherein the mixture further comprises a metal powder.
22. The method of claim 18 , wherein the first metal layer or the first inorganic oxidizer layer is formed on a substrate.
23. The method of claim 18 , further comprising introducing hydrogen into the first metal layer.
24. The method of claim 19 , further comprising introducing hydrogen into the first metal layer and the second metal layer.
25. The method of claim 22 , wherein:
the substrate is composed of a metal; and
further comprising introducing hydrogen into the substrate and the first metal layer.
26. The method of claim 18 , wherein each of the first metal layer and the first inorganic oxidizer layer has a thickness of less than about 500 nm.
27. The method of claim 18 , wherein the mixture comprises about 1 to about 35 wt. % of the reactive thin film.
28. The method of claim 18 , wherein the reactive thin film comprises a plurality of additional metal layers and inorganic oxide layers arranged in an alternating stacked arrangement on the first metal layer or the first inorganic oxide layer.
29. The method of claim 28 , further comprising introducing hydrogen into the first metal layer and the additional metal layers.
30. The method of claim 18 , further comprising:
placing the mixture into a combustion chamber of a rocket motor; and
solidifying the mixture in the combustion chamber.