Method for creating perfusable microvessel systems
A method for creating networks of perfusable microvessels in vitro. Cells including cell types capable of sprouting are seeded 1300 into a channel in a matrix at to activate competency 1304 of the cells for sprouting as microvessels based on the seeding density. The matrix channel is perfused with medium to allow parent vessels to form and for viability 1324 . The parent vessels and matrix are incubated and perfused to provide for sprouting of microvessels from parent vessels into the surrounding matrix 1328 . The sprouting parent vessels are grown until network forms 1332.
1. A method for forming networks of perfusable microvessels in vitro comprising the steps of:
seeding cells of at least one cell type capable of sprouting into at least one channel within a matrix;
activating the competency of the at least one cell type for sprouting as microvessels from parent vessels, wherein the competency for sprouting is triggered from the density of seeding;
perfusing the at least one channel with at least one medium to allow the at least one cell type to form at least one parent vessel;
incubating and perfusing the at least one parent vessel to maintain viability and provide for sprouting of microvessels from the at least one parent vessel into the surrounding matrix; and
growing the sprouting microvessels until the microvessels have formed networks.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the competency of the at least one cell type for sprouting results from cellular signaling activated from contacts between cells.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the competency of the at least one cell type for sprouting results from cellular signaling activated from both contacts between cells and from contacts between cells and the matrix.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the competency of the at least one cell type for sprouting results from cellular signaling selected from the group consisting of cell-cell mediated contacts, cell-matrix mediated contacts, and growth factor-cell mediated contacts.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the majority of cells are in cell to cell contact with each other.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the majority of cells are almost in cell to cell contact with each other.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the cells have a density of at least 250 cells per sq. mm of channel.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the cells have a density from 250 to 2000 cells per sq. mm of channel.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the microvessels sprouting from parent vessels anastomoze to form the microvessel networks.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the parent vessels support growth of at least one cell type of a tissue embedded within the matrix.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the parent vessels are 3D arrays of parent vessels.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least one cell type comprises endothelial cells.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein monitoring the networks of microvessels is used to screen for angiogenic and angiostatic factors in the matrix, wherein increased growth of the network indicates an angiogenic factor and decreased growth of the network indicates an angiostatic factor.
14. The method of claim 1 wherein monitoring the networks of microvessels is used to screen for angiogenic and angiostatic factors in the perfusate medium, wherein increased growth of the network indicates an angiogenic factor and decreased growth of the network indicates an angiostatic factor.
15. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least one channel in the matrix is formed with a mandrel.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the mandrels is removed by extraction.
17. The method of claim 15 wherein the mandrel is removed by decomposing.
18. The method of claim 1 wherein the seeding of the at least one channel is by a process selected from the group consisting of injection of cells into the matrix channel, and prior attachment of cells to the mandrel, and by a combination of prior attachment of cells to the mandrel and injection of cells into the matrix channel.
19. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least one channel in the matrix is from 20 micron to 500 microns in diameter.
20. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least one channel in the matrix is from 500 microns to 5.5 mm in diameter.
21. The method of claim 1 wherein the matrix comprises material selected from the group consisting of fibrin, collagen, collagen sub-types, gelatin, gelled basement membrane, agar, agarose, alginate, basement membrane proteins, extracellular matrix proteins, silica gel, and cells.
22. The method of claim 21 wherein the basement membrane proteins are chosen from the group consisting of collagen type IV, perlecan, laminin, integrins, enactins, dystroglycans, type VII collagen fibers, and collagen type VII microfibrils.
23. The method of claim 21 wherein the extra cellular matrix proteins are selected from the group consisting of proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, heparin sulfate proteoglycans, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, keratin sulfate proteoglycans, hyaluronic acid, collagen, fibronectin, vitronectin, elastin, and laminin.
24. The method of claim 1 wherein the matrix further comprises growth factors.
25. The method of claim 1 wherein increased growth of the microvessel network indicates an angiogenic factor is being secreted from the cells and decreased growth of the microvessel network indicates an angiostatic factor is being secreted from the cells.
26. The method of claim 1 wherein at least one tissue is embedded into the matrix.
27. The method of claim 26 wherein the at least one tissue is chosen from the group consisting of healthy tissue, diseased tissue, cancerous tissue, and genetically engineered tissue.
28. The method of claim 26 wherein increased growth of the microvessel network indicates an angiogenic factor is being secreted from the tissue and decreased growth of the microvessel network indicates an angiostatic factor is being secreted from the tissue.
29. The method of claim 1 wherein the flow of the at least one perfusate medium approximates in vivo flow of capillary vessels.
30. The method of claim 1 wherein the flow of the at least one perfusate medium preferentially flows through the microvessel network connecting parent vessels by decreasing the flow into one parent vessel and increasing the resistance in another parent vessel.
31. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least one perfusate medium comprises a cellular growth medium that has supplemental components selected from the group consisting of angiogenic factors, angiostatic factors, serum, phorbel esters, and growth factors.
32. The method of claim 31 wherein oxygenation of the at least one perfusate medium is substantially by diffusion through the matrix.
33. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least one medium comprises growth factors.