Compositions and methods for the removal of chewing gum residues from substrates
This invention relates to methods for removing chewing gum and residues thereof from substrates using chewing gum modifying compositions comprising ionic liquids. In one embodiment, the chewing gum modifying composition may be used together with one or more oxidising reagents. In another embodiment, the chewing gum removal compositions further comprise one or more enzymes and one or more enzyme mediator compounds. The invention further relates to novel ionic liquid and enzyme compositions that are suitable for use in removing chewing gum residues.
1. A method of modifying a chewing gum residue so as to ease removal of the chewing gum residue from a substrate, the method comprising applying to the residue a chewing gum modifying composition comprising an ionic liquid having the formula:
[Cat] + [X] −
wherein: [Cat] + is a cationic species, and
[X] − is an anionic species.
2. A method according to claim 1 , wherein [Cat] + is a cationic species selected from the group consisting of: ammonium, azaannulenium, azathiazolium, benzofuranium, borolium, diazabicyclodecenium, diazabicyclononenium, diazabicycloundecenium, dithiazolium, furanium, imidazolium, indolinium, indolium, morpholinium, oxaborolium, oxaphospholium, oxazinium, oxazolium, iso-oxazolium, oxathiazolium, pentazolium, phospholium, phosphonium, phthalazinium, piperazinium, piperidinium, pyranium, pyrazinium, pyrazolium, pyridazinium, pyridinium, pyrimidinium, pyrrolidinium, pyrrolium, quinazolinium, quinolinium, iso-quinolinium, quinoxalinium, selenazolium, tetrazolium, iso-thiadiazolium, thiazinium, thiazolium, thiophenium, triazadecenium, triazolium, and iso-triazolium.
3. A method according to claim 2 , wherein [Cat] + is a cationic species selected from the group consisting of:
[N(R a )(R b )(R c )(R d )] + and [P(R a )(R b )(R c )(R d )] +
wherein R a , R b , R c , and R d are each independently selected from a C 1 to C 15 , straight chain or branched alkyl group, a C 1 to C 15 , a C 3 to C 8 cycloalkyl group, or a C 6 to C 10 aryl group, wherein said alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl groups are unsubstituted or may be substituted by one to three groups selected from: C 1 to C 6 alkoxy, C 2 to C 12 alkoxyalkoxy, C 6 to C 10 aryl, C 2 to C 15 straight chain or branched alkenyl, —CN, —OH, —NO 2 , —CO 2 (C 1 to C 6 )alkyl, —OC(O)(C 1 to C 6 )alkyl, C 7 to C 30 aralkyl and C 7 to C 30 alkaryl, and wherein R b may also be hydrogen.
4. A method according to claim 3 , wherein [Cat] + is a cationic species selected from the group consisting of:
5. A method according to claim 2 , wherein [Cat] + is a cationic species selected from the group consisting of:
wherein: R a , R b , R c , R d , R e , R f , R g and R h are each independently selected from hydrogen, a C 1 to C 20 straight chain or branched alkyl group, a C 3 to C 8 cycloalkyl group, or a C 6 to C 10 aryl group, or any two of R b , R c , R d , R e and R f attached to adjacent carbon atoms may form a methylene chain —(CH 2 ) q — wherein q is from 3 to 6, and wherein said alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl groups, or said methylene chain, are unsubstituted or may be substituted by one to three groups selected from: C 1 to C 6 alkoxy, C 2 to C 12 alkoxyalkoxy, C 6 to C 10 aryl, C 2 to C 15 straight chain or branched alkenyl, —CN, —OH, —NO 2 , C 7 to C 10 aralkyl and C 7 to C 10 alkaryl, —CO 2 (C 1 to C 6 )alkyl, —CO(O)(C 1 to C 6 )alkyl.
6. A method according to claim 5 , wherein [Cat] + is a cationic species selected from the group consisting of:
7. A method according to claim 1 ,
wherein [X] − is an anionic species selected from the group consisting of: [F] − , [Cl] − , [Br] − , [I] − , [NO 3 ] − , [NO 2 ] − , [BF 4 ] − , [PF 6 ] − , [SbF 6 ] − , [SCN] − , [H 2 PO 4 ] − , [HPO 4 ] 2− , [PO 4 ] 3− , [HSO 4 ] − , [SO 4 ] 2− , [CH 3 SO 3 ] − , [C 2 H 5 SO 3 ] − , [C 8 H 17 SO 3 ] − , [CH 3 (C 6 H 4 )SO 3 ] − , [docusate] − , [CH 3 OSO 3 ] − , [C 2 H 5 OSO 3 ] − , [C 8 H 17 OSO 3 ] − , [H 3 C(OCH 2 CH 2 ) n OSO 3 ] − wherein n is an integer from 1 to 10, [CF 3 CO 2 ] − , [(CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 C] − , [(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N] − , [CF 3 SO 3 ] − , [(CF 3 ) 2 N] − , [(C 2 F 5 ) 3 PF 3 ] − , [(C 3 F 7 ) 3 PF 3 ] − , [(C 2 F 5 ) 2 P(O)O] − , [(CH 3 ) 2 PO 4 ] − , [(CH 3 ) 2 P(O)O] − , [{(CH 3 ) 3 CCH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 } 2 P(O)O] − , [HCO 2 ] − , [CH 3 CO 2 ] − , [CH 3 CH 2 CO 2 ] − , [CH 2 (OH)CO 2 ] − , [CH 3 CH(OH)CO 2 ] − , [HCO 3 ] − , [CO 3 ] 2− , [CH 3 OCO 2 ] − , [C 2 H 5 OCO 2 ] − , [(CN) 2 N] − , [saccharin] − , and [linoleate] − .
8. A method according to claim 1 ,
wherein the ionic liquid has a melting point below 100° C.
9. A method according to claim 1 ,
wherein the chewing gum modifying composition further comprises one or more oxidizing reagents.
10. A method according to claim 9 , wherein the oxidising reagents comprise an oxidation catalyst and an oxygen source.
11. A method according to claim 10 , wherein the oxidation catalyst is a lanthanide salt or a transition metal salt.
12. A method according to claim 10 ,
wherein the oxygen source is selected from hydrogen peroxide, a hydrogen peroxide releasing compound, a salt having a halogen oxyanion, an organic hydroperoxide, an organic peroxyacid, or an organic peroxyacid salt.
13. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the chewing gum modifying composition further comprises:
(i) one or more natural or modified enzymes selected from the group consisting of laccases, peroxidases, ligninases and lipoxygenases; and
(ii) one or more enzyme mediator compounds.
14. A method according to claim 13 ,
wherein the one or more enzyme mediator compounds are selected from the group consisting of:
15. A method according to claim 13 ,
wherein the chewing gum modifying composition further comprises one or more enzymes selected from lipases and esterases.
16. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the chewing gum modifying composition further comprises a co-solvent.
17. A method according to claim 16 , wherein the co-solvent is water.
18. A method according to claim 16 wherein the ionic liquid and the co-solvent are present in the chewing gum modifying composition in a weight ratio of from 5:95 to 99:1.
19. A method according to claim 1 ,
wherein the chewing gum modifying composition further comprises one or more additives selected from the group consisting of surfactants, viscosity modifiers, emulsifiers, melting point suppressants and wetting agents.
20. A method according to claim 1 ,
wherein the chewing gum residue is derived from a chewing gum comprising between 10 and 75% by weight of a gum base, wherein the gum base comprises between 5 and 80% by weight of one or more elastomers.
21. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the substrate comprises stone, concrete, cement, bricks, gypsum, plasterboard, clay, ceramic, glass, asphalt, tarmac, bitumen, metals, wood, varnish, lacquer or a textile.
22. A method according to claim 1 , where the modified residue is subsequently removed from the substrate by sweeping, scrubbing, vacuuming, or hosing with low pressure water.
23. A kit of parts for use in a method of removing chewing gum residues from substrates, the kit comprising:
(i) a first part comprising an ionic liquid as defined in claim 1 ;
(ii) a second part comprising an oxidation catalyst, the second part being optionally combined with the first part; and
(iii) an oxygen source as a third part.
24. A kit of parts for use in a method of removing chewing gum residues from substrates, the kit comprising:
(i) a first part comprising an ionic liquid as defined in claim 1 ;
(ii) a second part comprising one or more natural or modified enzymes selected from the group consisting of: laccases, peroxidases, lignases and lipoxygenases;
(iii) a third part comprising one or more enzyme mediator compounds, the third part being optionally combined with the first part or the second part.
25. A composition comprising:
(i) an ionic liquid having the formula [Cat].sup.+[X].sup.−, wherein [Cat].sup.+ is a cationic species and [X].sup.− is selected from the group consisting of: [F].sup.−, [Cl].sup.−, [I].sup.−, [NO.sub.3].sup.−, [NO.sub.2].sup.−, [SbF.sub.6].sup.−, [SCN].sup.−, [H.sub.2PO.sub.4].sup.−, [HPO.sub.4].sup.2−, [PO.sub.4].sup.3−, [HSO.sub.4].sup.−, [SO.sub.4].sup.2−, [CH.sub.3SO.sub.3].sup.−, [C.sub.2H.sub.5SO.sub.3].sup.−, [C.sub.8H.sub.17SO.sub.3].sup.−, [CH.sub.3(C.sub.6H.sub.4)SO.sub.3].sup.−, [docusate].sup.−, [C.sub.8H.sub.17OSO.sub.3].sup.−, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 10, [CF.sub.3CO.sub.2].sup.−, [(CF.sub.3SO.sub.2).sub.3C].sup.−, [(CF.sub.3SO.sub.2).sub.2N].sup.−, [CF.sub.3SO.sub.3].sup.−, [(CF.sub.3).sub.2N].sup.−, [(C.sub.2F.sub.5).sub.3PF.sub.3].sup.−, [(C.sub.3F.sub.7).sub.3PF.sub.3].sup.−, [(C.sub.2F.sub.5).sub.2P(O)O].sup.−, [(CH.sub.3).sub.2PO.sub.4].sup.−, [(CH.sub.3).sub.2P(O)O].sup.−, [{(CH.sub.3).sub.3CCH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2}.sub.2P(O)O].sup.−, [HCO.sub.2].sup.−, [CH.sub.3CO.sub.2].sup.−, [CH.sub.3CH.sub.2CO.sub.2].sup.−, [CH.sub.2(OH)CO.sub.2].sup.−, [CH.sub.3CH(OH)CO.sub.2].sup.−, [HCO.sub.3].sup.−, [CO.sub.3].sup.2−, [CH.sub.3OCO.sub.2].sup.−, [C.sub.2H.sub.5OCO.sub.2].sup.−, [saccharin].sup.−, and [linoleate].sup.−;
and
(ii) one or more natural or modified enzymes selected from the group consisting of: laccases, peroxidases, lipoxygenases and ligninases
and wherein the composition further comprises one or more enzyme mediator compounds selected from the group consisting of: