Batteries, fuel cells, and other electrochemical devices

1. In an electrochemical device having an anode electrode, a cathode electrode, and an electrolyte, the improvement comprising:

at least one of said anode electrode and said cathode electrode having a substantially uniform superficial relief pattern formed by a plurality of substantially uniform projections having an electrical conductivity gradient between peaks of said projections and valleys between said projections, wherein said peaks of said projections are coated with a substantially non-electrically conductive material.

2. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein

said electrical conductivity at said peaks is lower than said electrical conductivity in said valleys.

3. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein said projections have a geometrical shape selected from the group consisting of semi-spherical, polyhedral and combinations thereof.

4. The electrochemical device of claim wherein said projections have a tetrahedral shape.

5. The electrochemical device Of claim 1 , wherein said electrolyte is one of an aqueous solution and a non-aqueous solution.

6. The electrochemical device of claim 5 , wherein said electrochemical device is one of a LiBr battery and a LiBr flow battery.

7. The electrochemical device of claim 6 further comprising an ion-conductive separator between said anode electrode and said cathode electrode.

8. The electrochemical device of claim 7 , wherein said ion-conductive separator comprises a polymeric membrane.

9. The electrochemical device of claim 8 , wherein said polymeric membrane comprises a Li-ion conductive solid.

10. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein said electrochemical device is a fuel cell.

11. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein said electrochemical device is a biofuel cell.

12. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein said anode electrode is a lithium-intercalatable electrode having a water impermeable coating.

13. The electrochemical device of claim 12 , wherein said lithium-intercalatable electrode comprises one of graphite and carbon.

14. In an electrochemical device having an anode electrode, a cathode electrode, and an electrolyte, the improvement comprising:

at least one of said anode electrode and said cathode electrode having a substantially uniform superficial relief pattern formed by a plurality of substantially uniform projections having an electrical conductivity gradient between peaks of said projections and valleys between said projections;

an ion-conductive separator between said anode electrode and said cathode electrode, wherein said separator comprises a substantially uniform separator relief pattern.

15. The electrochemical device of claim 14 , wherein said peaks of said projections are coated with a substantially non-electrically conductive material.

16. The electrochemical device of claim 14 , wherein said substantially uniform separator relief pattern is formed by a plurality of substantially uniform separator projections.

17. The electrochemical device of claim 16 , wherein said separator projections have a geometrical shape selected from the group consisting of semi-spherical, polyhedral, and combinations thereof.

18. The electrochemical device of claim 17 , wherein said separator projections have a tetrahedral shape.

19. In an electrochemical device having an anode electrode, a cathode electrode, and an electrolyte, the improvement comprising:

at least one of said anode electrode and said cathode electrode having a substantially uniform superficial relief pattern formed by a plurality of substantially uniform projections having an electrical conductivity gradient between peaks of said projections and valleys between said projections, wherein said cathode electrode comprises one of graphite and carbon particles bound together by a polymer binder, which polymer binder forms a complex with bromine on a cathode surface of said cathode electrode.

20. The electrochemical device of claim 19 , wherein said polymer binder comprises a polymer having at least one a primary amine group, a secondary amine group, a tertiary amine group, and a quaternary amine group.

21. The electrochemical device of claim 19 , wherein said polymer binder comprises a polymer having a quaternary amine group.

22. An apparatus comprising:

an anode electrode, a cathode electrode, and an electrolyte disposed between said anode electrode and said cathode electrode, at least one of said anode electrode and said cathode electrode having a tetrahedral structure having a plurality of peaks and a plurality of valleys and having an electrical conductivity gradient such that electrical conductivity at said peaks is lower than electrical conductivity in said valleys.

23. The apparatus of claim 22 , wherein tetrahedral structure is coated by a coating material having a lower electrical conductivity than a bulk of said tetrahedral structure.

24. The apparatus of claim 23 wherein said bulk of said tetrahedral structure comprises an electrically conductive material selected from the group consisting of carbon, graphite, metal, metal alloy, and mixtures thereof.

25. The apparatus of claim 24 , wherein said bulk of said tetrahedral Structure further comprises a binder material.

26. The apparatus of claim 25 , wherein said binder material is selected from the group consisting of resins and non-aromatic polymers.

27. The apparatus of claim 26 , wherein said binder material is selected from the group consisting of substantially pure hydrocarbon chain polymers, fluorocarbon chain polymers, and mixtures thereof.

28. The apparatus of claim 23 , wherein said coating material is a binder material.

29. In a battery having an anode electrode, a cathode electrode, and an electrolyte, the improvement comprising:

at least one of said anode electrode and said cathode electrode having a substantially uniform superficial relief pattern formed by a plurality of substantially uniform projections having an electrical conductivity gradient between peaks of said projections and valleys between said projections, wherein said peaks or said projections are coated with a substantially non-electrically conductive material.

30. The battery of claim 29 , wherein said projections have a tetrahedral shape.

31. The battery of claim 29 , wherein said electrolyte is one of an aqueous solution and a non-aqueous solution.

32. The battery of claim 31 , wherein said electrolyte comprises a LiBr solution.

33. The battery of claim 32 further comprising an ion-conductive separator between said anode electrode and said cathode electrode.

34. The battery of claim 33 , wherein said ion-conductive separator comprises a polymeric membrane comprising a Li-ion conductive solid.

35. The battery of claim 34 , wherein said anode electrode is a lithium-intercalatable electrode having a water impermeable coating.

36. The battery of claim 35 , wherein said lithium-intercalatable electrode comprises one of graphite and carbon.

37. The battery of claim 36 , wherein said cathode electrode comprises one of graphite and carbon particles bound together by a polymer binder, which polymer binder forms a complex with bromine on a cathode surface of said cathode electrode.

38. The battery of claim 37 , wherein said polymer binder comprises a polymer having at least one of a primary amine group, a secondary amine group, a tertiary amine group, and a quaternary amine group.

39. An electrochemical device comprising:

a bipolar element having an anode side and a cathode side, at least one of said anode side and said cathode side having it substantially uniform superficial relief pattern formed h a plurality of substantially uniform projections having an electrical conductivity gradient between peaks of said projections and valleys between said projections; and

an electrolyte comprising one of an aqueous solution and a non-aqueous solution.

40. The electrochemical device of claim 39 , wherein said projections have a tetrahedral shape.

41. The electrochemical device of claim 40 , wherein said electrolyte comprises a LiBr solution.

42. The electrochemical device of claim 41 comprising a plurality of spaced apart said bipolar elements arranged whereby said anode side of one of said bipolar elements faces said cathode side of another of said bipolar elements.

43. The electrochemical device of claim 42 further comprising an ion-conductive separator between said spaced apart bipolar elements.

44. The electrochemical device of claim 43 , wherein said ion-conductive separator is Li-ion conductive.

45. The electrochemical device of claim 44 , wherein said ion-conductive separator comprises a polymeric membrane comprising a Li-ion conductive solid.

46. The electrochemical device of claim 45 wherein said cathode electrode comprises one of graphite and carbon particles bound together by a polymer binder, which polymer binder forms a complex with bromine on a cathode surface of said cathode electrode.

47. The electrochemical device of claim 46 , wherein said polymer binder comprises a polymer having at least one of a primary amine group, a secondary amine group, a tertiary amine group, and a quaternary amine group.

48. A battery comprising:

an electrolyte comprising at least one lithium salt;

a lithium intercalated graphite anode electrode having lithium-ion conductive coating;

a cathode electrode adapted to immobilize liquid bromine and form a complex on said cathode electrode; and

a separator disposed between said anode electrode and said cathode electrode: and

at least one of said anode electrode and said cathode electrode

comprising a substantially uniform superficial relief pattern formed by a plurality of substantially uniform raised structures and at least one of said anode electrode and said cathode electrode comprising an electrical conductivity gradient wherein electrical conductivity at peaks of said substantially uniform raised structures is lower than electrical conductivity in valleys between said raised structures.