Method of manufacturing closed-cell surfaces with advanced drag-reduction properties
A method of manufacture comprising forming a plurality of cells on a substrate, wherein each of the cells has at least one dimension that is less than about 1 millimeter and is configured to hold a medium therein, and wherein each of the cells has walls that laterally enclose an area of a surface of the substrate and has a top opening. The method also comprises contacting the cells with a fluid and introducing a surfactant and a medium into the fluid to thereby form a foam layer contacting the walls of cells. Bubbles of the foam layer have fluid walls that include the surfactant, the bubbles are filled with the medium, and the bubbles remain substantially stationary on the top openings of the cells for a period on average of at least about 1 minute.
1. A method of manufacture, comprising:
forming a plurality of cells on a substrate, wherein each of said cells has at least one dimension that is less than about 1 millimeter and is configured to hold a medium therein, and wherein each of said cells has walls that laterally enclose an area of a surface of said substrate and has a top opening; and
contacting said cells with a fluid;
introducing a surfactant and a medium into said fluid to thereby form a foam layer contacting said walls of cells, wherein:
bubbles of said foam layer have fluid walls that include said surfactant,
said bubbles are filled with said medium, and
said bubbles remain substantially stationary on said top openings of said cells for a period on average of at least about 1 minute.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein introducing said medium includes dissolving an amount of said medium in said fluid that exceeds a critical pressure of said medium in said cells.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein a partial pressure of said medium in said fluid ranges from about 86 to 216 Torr and a concentration of said surfactant in said fluid ranges from about 0.1 to 1 wt percent.
4. The method of claim 1 , further including forming openings in said substrate, wherein each one of said cells contains at least one of said openings therein.
5. The method of claim 4 , further including coupling said substrate to a second substrate to form a chamber between said substrate and said second substrate, wherein said each of said openings are in fluid communication with said chamber.
6. The method of claim 5 , further including coupling a flow regulator to the chamber, said flow regulator configured to control the introduction of said medium into said cells.