Methods of forming phase-change memory devices and devices so formed
A method of forming can be provided by forming a metal silicide layer that includes a diffusion metal on a substrate. A native oxide layer can be formed on the metal silicide layer and forming a metal oxide layer by reacting the native oxide layer with the diffusion metal. A phase-change layer and an upper electrode can be formed on the metal oxide layer. A phase-change memory device can include a substrate and a conductive region on the substrate with a lower electrode on the conductive region, where the lower electrode can include a metal silicide layer on the conductive region and a metal silicon nitride layer having a resistivity of about 10 to about 100 times that of the metal silicide layer. A metal oxide layer can be located between the metal silicon nitride layer and the metal silicide layer, the metal oxide layer comprising a resistivity that is greater than that of the metal silicide layer and less than the resistivity of the metal silicon nitride layer. A phase-change layer and an upper electrode can be located on the lower electrode.
1. A method of forming comprising:
forming a metal silicide layer including a diffusion metal on a substrate;
forming a native oxide layer on the metal silicide layer;
forming a metal oxide layer on the metal silicide layer by reacting the native oxide layer with the diffusion metal; and
forming a phase-change layer and an upper electrode on the metal oxide layer, wherein forming the metal silicide layer comprises:
forming a first metal layer containing a silicide reactive metal and a second metal layer containing the diffusion metal on the substrate; and
performing a first annealing on the first metal layer and the second metal layer before forming the native oxide layer.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the silicide reactive metal comprises at least one of cobalt and nickel.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein forming the metal silicide layer further comprises:
removing the first metal layer and the second metal layer remaining on the metal silicide layer.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein forming the metal silicide layer further comprises:
forming a protective metal layer on the first metal layer and the second metal layer.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the diffusion metal comprises at least one of titanium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, hafnium and zirconium.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein forming the metal oxide layer comprises performing a second annealing on the native oxide layer to replace an insulating constituent of the native oxide layer with the diffusion metal.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the metal oxide layer comprises at least one of a titanium oxide layer, a tantalum oxide layer, a tungsten oxide layer, a molybdenum oxide layer, a vanadium oxide layer, a hafnium oxide layer and a zirconium oxide layer.
8. The method of claim 6 , wherein forming the metal oxide layer further comprises:
forming a resistive metal layer on the substrate before or after the second annealing.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the resistive metal layer comprises a metal silicon nitride layer.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the metal silicon nitride layer is formed by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the metal silicon nitride layer comprises at least one of a titanium silicon nitride layer, a tantalum silicon nitride layer, a zirconium silicon nitride layer and a tungsten silicon nitride layer.
12. A method of forming a phase-change memory device, the method comprising:
forming a diode on a substrate including an upper conductive layer;
forming a first metal layer including a diffusion metal on the upper conductive layer;
forming a metal silicide layer on the upper conductive layer including the diffusion metal;
forming a metal oxide layer from and on the metal silicide layer;
forming a metal silicon nitride layer on the metal oxide layer; and
forming a phase-change layer and an upper electrode on the metal silicon nitride layer that is on the metal oxide layer.
13. The method of claim 12 , further comprising:
forming a second metal layer above the first metal layer, the second metal layer comprising a metal constituent included in the metal silicide layer.
14. The method of claim 12 , further comprising:
forming a second metal layer beneath the first metal layer, the second metal layer comprising a metal constituent included in the metal silicide layer.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein forming a metal oxide layer comprises forming a native oxide layer on the metal silicide layer; and
replacing an oxide constituent in the native oxide layer with the diffusion metal.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein a melting point of the diffusion metal is different from that of the metal silicide layer.
17. The method of claim 12 , wherein a melting point of the diffusion metal is different from that of the metal silicide layer.