High-strength porous carbon and its multifunctional applications
High-strength porous carbon and a method of its manufacture are described for multifunctional applications, such as ballistic protection, structural components, ultracapacitor electrodes, gas storage, and radiation shielding. The carbon is produced from a polymer precursor via carbonization, and optionally by surface activation and post-treatment.
1. A protective assembly, comprising: as an article of manufacture, a garment to be worn by an individual; and at least one high-strength porous carbon member operatively assembled with said article of manufacture, said carbon member being the product of a method for the production of high-strength porous carbon, comprising the following steps, carried out in the order set forth:
a. providing a suitable sorbent precursor material that is subject to carbonization;
b. effecting carbonization of said sorbent precursor material by heat-treatment in a non-oxidizing atmosphere;
c. optionally effecting activation of said carbonized sorbent precursor material using any suitable method;
d. optionally effecting heat-treatment of said carbonized sorbent precursor material at a temperature in the range of about 800° C. to about 2,000° C.; and
e. optionally conditioning the surface of said heat-treated sorbent precursor material by contacting said surface with a reducing gas,
said suitable sorbent precursor material being a material selected from the group consisting of polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), polyfurfuryl alcohol, phenolic resin, and blends of these materials.
2. The assembly of claim 1 wherein said garment includes at least one compartment in which said carbon member is contained.
3. The assembly of claim 2 wherein said at least one compartment contains a second member of generally planar form disposed in superposed relationship with said at least one carbon member, said second member being of a composition different from that of said at least one carbon member and also being of high strength to perform a mechanically protective function.
4. The assembly of claim 1 wherein said at least one carbon member is about one to five centimeters thick.
5. The assembly of claim 2 wherein said at least one compartment is effectively gas-impermeable, and wherein said garment additionally includes at least one closeable passage operative selectively to provide gas flow communication between the exterior and the interior of said compartment, said compartment thereby constructed for the containment and discharge of a gas within and from pores of said at least one carbon member.
6. The assembly of claim 2 wherein said at least one compartment contains a plurality of said carbon members, at least two of said carbon members being of generally planar form and having mutually confronting surfaces spaced from one another; said garment assembly additionally including an electrolyte disposed in the space defined between said mutually confronting surfaces, and an electrical current collector on each of said at least two carbon members, said at least two carbon members and said electrolyte comprising an electrical circuit component.
7. The assembly of claim 6 wherein said electrical circuit component is functional to store electric energy.
8. The assembly of claim 6 wherein said electrical circuit component is functional to provide effective capacitance.
9. The assembly of claim 6 wherein each of said at least two carbon members has a generally conformal metallic deposit thereon disposed beneath said electrical current collector thereof.
10. The assembly of claim 6 wherein the space between said mutually confronting surfaces is about 0.001 to 5 millimeters thick.
11. The assembly of claim 1 wherein said sorbent precursor material is of shaped monolithic form.
12. The assembly of claim 11 wherein said at least one carbon member is of generally planar form.
13. A protective assembly comprising: as an article of manufacture, a vehicle having at least one wall; and at least one high-strength porous carbon member operatively assembled with said at least one wall, said carbon member being the product of a method for the production of high-strength porous carbon, comprising the following steps, carried out in the order set forth:
a. providing a suitable sorbent precursor material that is subject to carbonization;
b. effecting carbonization of said sorbent precursor material by heat-treatment in a non-oxidizing atmosphere;
c. optionally effecting activation of said carbonized sorbent precursor material using any suitable method;
d. optionally effecting heat-treatment of said carbonized sorbent precursor material at a temperature in the range of about 800° C. to about 2,000° C.; and
e. optionally conditioning the surface of said heat-treated sorbent precursor material by contacting said surface with a reducing gas,
said suitable sorbent precursor material being a material selected from the group consisting of polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), polyfurfuryl alcohol, phenolic resin, and blends of these materials.
14. The assembly of claim 13 wherein said sorbent precursor material is of shaped monolithic form.
15. The assembly of claim 13 wherein said vehicle is selected from the group consisting of motor vehicles, aircraft, and space vehicles.
16. The assembly of claim 13 wherein said vehicle includes a gas-impermeable compartment in which at least one high-strength porous carbon member is enclosed.
17. The assembly of claim 14 wherein said at least one carbon member is of generally planar form.
18. The assembly of claim 13 wherein said assembly comprises a second member of generally planar form disposed in superposed relationship with said at least one carbon member, said second member being of a composition different from that of said at least one carbon member and also being of high strength to perform a mechanically protective function.
19. The assembly of claim 13 wherein said at least one carbon member is about one to one hundred fifty centimeters thick.
20. The assembly of claim 13 wherein said vehicle includes an effectively gas-impermeable compartment in which said at least one high-strength porous carbon member is enclosed, and wherein said assembly additionally includes at least one closeable passage operative selectively to provide gas flow communication between the exterior and the interior of said compartment, said compartment thereby being constructed for the containment and discharge of a gas within and from pores of said at least one carbon member.
21. The assembly of claim 15 wherein said vehicle includes a compartment which contains a plurality of said carbon members, at least two of said carbon members being of generally planar form and having mutually confronting surfaces spaced from one another; said assembly additionally including an electrolyte disposed in the space defined between said mutually confronting surfaces of said at least two carbon members, and an electrical current collector on each of said at least two carbon members, said at least two carbon members and said electrolyte comprising an electrical circuit component.
22. The assembly of claim 21 wherein said electrical circuit component is functional to store electric energy.
23. The assembly of claim 21 wherein said electrical circuit component is functional to provide effective capacitance.
24. The assembly of claim 21 wherein each of said at least two carbon members has a generally conformal metallic deposit thereon disposed beneath said electrical current collector thereof.
25. The assembly of claim 21 wherein the space between said mutually confronting surfaces is about 0.001 to 5 millimeters thick.