Water-saving liquid-gas conditioning system

1. A method for treating a process gas with a liquid, the method comprising:

contacting a process gas with a hygroscopic working fluid including a component adapted to absorb or react with a pollutant or contaminant in the process gas; and

managing the working fluid or the process gas so that the working fluid and the process gas are in moisture equilibrium while contacting the process gas with the working fluid.

2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the working fluid includes a desiccant comprising at least one of lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium bromide (LiBr), calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ), magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4 ), zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 ), sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, triethylene glycol, hexane, or toluene.

3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the working fluid includes a desiccant comprising an inherent reaction product of a reaction between the pollutant or contaminant and the component.

4. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising separating a reaction product from the working fluid after contacting the process gas with the working fluid, wherein the reaction product comprises at least one of the pollutant or contaminant absorbed into the working fluid or a product of a reaction between the pollutant or contaminant and the component of the working fluid.

5. The method according to claim 4 , wherein separating the reaction product from the working fluid comprises at least one of separating a solid reaction product from the working fluid or separating a liquid or soluble reaction product from the working fluid.

6. The method according to claim 4 , wherein separating liquid or soluble reaction product from the working fluid comprises using a liquid separation operation to separate the liquid or soluble reaction product from the working fluid or purging a portion of the working fluid.

7. The method according to claim 4 , further comprising adding a makeup liquid to the working fluid after separating the reaction product from the working fluid, wherein the makeup liquid comprises at least one of a desiccant, a first reagent for a reaction to form a desiccant, a solvent, and a second reagent for a reaction with the pollutant or contaminant.

8. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising at least one of managing the temperature of the process gas and managing the temperature of the working fluid while contacting the process gas and the working fluid.

9. A method for treating a process gas with a liquid, the method comprising:

contacting a process gas with a hygroscopic working fluid in a liquid-gas contactor to remove a pollutant or contaminant from the process gas, the working fluid comprising a desiccant and a component adapted to absorb or react with the pollutant or contaminant;

managing the working fluid or the process gas so that the working fluid and the process gas are in moisture equilibrium and temperature equilibrium while contacting the process gas with the working fluid;

separating a reaction product from the working fluid after contacting the process gas with the hygroscopic working fluid, wherein the reaction product comprises at least one of the pollutant or contaminant absorbed into the component of the working fluid or a product of a reaction between the pollutant or contaminant and the component of the working fluid; and

recirculating the working fluid to the liquid-gas contactor after separating the reaction product from the working fluid.

10. The method according to claim 9 , further comprising adding a makeup fluid to the working fluid after separating the reaction product from the working fluid and before recirculating the working fluid back to the liquid-gas contactor, the makeup fluid comprising at least one of makeup water or makeup reagent.

11. A system for treating a process gas, the system comprising:

a hygroscopic working fluid comprising a component adapted to absorb or react with a pollutant or contaminant in a process gas; and

a liquid-gas contactor for contacting the working fluid and the process gas;

wherein the liquid-gas contactor is configured so that the working fluid and the process gas are in moisture equilibrium; and

wherein the pollutant or contaminant is removed from the process gas within the liquid-gas contactor.

12. The system according to claim 11 , wherein the working fluid comprises at least one of lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium bromide (LiBr), calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ), magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4 ), zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 ), sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, triethylene glycol, hexane, or toluene.

13. The system according to claim 11 , wherein the working fluid comprises an inherent reaction product of a reaction between the pollutant or contaminant and the component of the working fluid.

14. The system according to claim 11 , further comprising a separator for separating a reaction product from the working fluid, wherein the working fluid flows from the liquid-gas contactor to the separator, and wherein the reaction product comprises at least one of the pollutant or contaminant absorbed into the working fluid or a product of a reaction between the pollutant or contaminant and the component of the working fluid.

15. The system according to claim 14 , wherein the separator comprises at least one of a solid separator and a liquid separator.

16. The system according to claim 11 , further comprising a makeup fluid added to the working fluid after the working fluid leaves the liquid-gas contactor, wherein the makeup liquid comprises at least one of a desiccant, a first reagent for a reaction to form a desiccant, a solvent, and a second reagent for a reaction with the pollutant or contaminant.

17. The system according to claim 11 , further comprising at least one of a heat exchanger for managing the temperature of the process gas or a heat exchanger for managing the temperature of the working fluid.

18. The system according to claim 11 , further comprising a liquid spray dryer for spraying a liquid into the process gas in order to cool the process gas, wherein the process gas flows from the spray dryer to the liquid-gas contactor.

19. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the working fluid includes a desiccant, and wherein managing the working fluid comprises selecting a concentration of the desiccant within the working fluid that is substantially equal to a moisture equilibrium concentration.

20. The system according to claim 11 , wherein the working fluid includes a desiccant with concentration of the desiccant within the working fluid that is substantially equal to a moisture equilibrium concentration.

21. The method according to claim 1 , wherein managing the working fluid or the process gas comprises managing the working fluid or the process gas so that the working fluid and the process gas are in moisture equilibrium and temperature equilibrium while contacting the process gas with the working fluid.

22. The system according to claim 11 , wherein the liquid-gas contactor is configured so that the working fluid and the process gas are in moisture equilibrium and temperature equilibrium.