Reduced dye probes for the detection of radical oxygen species
Reduced dyes, such as hydrocyanines, deuterocyanines, and/or other deuterated dyes capable of detecting one or more reactive oxygen species are described herein. The reduced dyes exhibit little or no fluorescence due to the disrupted π conjugation. However, upon reaction with ROS, the reduced dyes are oxidized, regenerating the extended π conjugation and causing a substantial increase in fluorescence intensity. In many case, the oxidized dye is generally membrane impermeable. However, upon reduction, many of the reduced dyes are membrane permeable. Thus, reduced dyes can accumulate in cells and/or tissue to amplify the signal. Once inside the cell or tissue, the reduced dye is reoxidized upon reaction with ROS, and the oxidized dye again becomes membrane impermeable, trapping the dye within the cell. The reduced dyes can be used to image ROS, such as hydroxide radical and superoxide, in serum, cell cultures, tissue explants, and in vivo.
1. A method of detecting reactive oxygen species, the method comprising contacting cells, cell cultures, tissues, organs, biological fluids, or combinations thereof, with an effective amount of one or more reduced dyes selected from the group consisting of hydrocyanines, deuterocyanines, and combinations thereof and determining if the reduced dye has been oxidized.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein oxidation of the reduced dye is detected by fluorescence spectroscopy.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the oxidation of the reduced dye is detected by fluorescence microscopy.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the oxidation of the reduced dye is detected by confocal laser scanning microscopy.
5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the oxidation of the reduced dye is detected by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reduced dye is a hydrocyanine.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the reduced dye is a deuterocyanine.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrocyanine or deuterocyanine is selected from the group consisting of:
wherein X is hydrogen; halogen; C 1-20 alkyl; aryl; —OR, where R is C 1-20 alkyl or aryl; hydroxyl; —NR 5 R 6 , where R 5 and R 6 are independently hydrogen, C 1-20 alkyl or aryl; —CN, —SH; —NO 2 ; —S—C 1-20 alkyl; —S-aryl; aryl, —COOH;
—COH; —COR or —COOR, where R is defined above; or —CONR 13 R 14 , wherein R 13 and R 14 are independently hydrogen or R as defined above;
R 1 -R 4 are independently hydrogen, C 1-20 alkyl, C 1-20 alkyl sulfate, C 1-20 alkyl carboxylate; C 1-20 alkyl amino; aryl, benzyl, oligoethylene glycol, or polyethylene glycol;
R 5 and R 6 are independently hydrogen; hydroxyl; —OR 8 ; —NH 2 ; —NHR 9 ; —NR 10 R 11 , C 1-20 alkyl, C 1-20 alkyl sulfonate, C 1-20 alkyl carboxylic acid or carboxylate; C 1-20 alkyl amino or quaternized amino; —COOH; —CO 2 − or —SO 3 − ; wherein R 8 -R 11 are the same as R; oligoethylene glycol, or polyethylene glycol;
n is an integer from 1-5;
R 12 is H or D; and
the benzene ring represented by dotted lines is optional;
wherein X is hydrogen; halogen; C 1-20 alkyl; aryl; —OR, where R is C 1-20 alkyl or aryl; hydroxyl; —NR 5 R 6 , where R 5 and R 6 are independently hydrogen, C 1-20 alkyl or aryl; —CN, —SH; —NO 2 ; —S—C 1-20 alkyl; —S-aryl; aryl, —COOH; —COH; —COR or —COOR, where R is defined above; or —CONR 12 R 13 , wherein R 12 and R 13 are independently hydrogen or R as defined above;
R 1 and R 2 are independently hydrogen, C 1-20 alkyl, C 1-20 alkyl sulfonate, C 1-20 alkyl carboxylic acid or carboxylate; C 1-20 alkyl amino or quaternized amino; aryl, benzyl, oligoethylene glycol, or polyethylene glycol;
R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen; hydroxyl; —OR 7 ; —NH 2 ; —NHR 8 ; —NR 9 R 10 , C 1-20 alkyl, C 1-20 alkyl sulfate, C 1-20 alkyl carboxylate; C 1-20 alkyl amino; —COOH; —CO 2 − or —SO 3 − ; wherein R 7 -R 10 are the same as R; oligoethylene glycol, or polyethylene glycol;
n is an integer from 1-5;
R 11 is H or D, and
the benzene ring represented by dotted lines is optional;
wherein X is hydrogen; halogen; C 1-20 alkyl; aryl; —OR, where R is C 1-20 alkyl or aryl; hydroxyl; —NR 5 R 6 , where R 5 and R 6 are independently hydrogen, C 1-20 alkyl or aryl; —CN, —SH; —NO 2 ; —S—C 1-20 alkyl; —S-aryl; aryl, —COOH; —COH;
—COR or
—COOR, where R is defined above; or —CONR 12 R 13 , wherein R 12 and R 13 are independently hydrogen or R as defined above;
R 1 and R 2 are independently hydrogen, C 1-20 alkyl, C 1-20 alkyl sulfonate, C 1-20 alkyl carboxylic acid or carboxylate; C 1-20 alkyl amino or quaternized amino; aryl, benzyl, oligoethylene glycol, or polyethylene glycol;
R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen; hydroxyl; —OR 7 ; —NH 2 ; —NHR 8 ; —NR 9 R 10 , C 1-20 alkyl, C 1-20 alkyl sulfate, C 1-20 alkyl carboxylate; C 1-20 alkyl amino; —COOH; —CO 2 − or —SO 3 − ; wherein R 7 -R 10 are the same as R; oligoethylene glycol, or polyethylene glycol;
n is an integer from 1-5;
R 11 is H or D; and
the benzene ring represented by dotted lines is optional
wherein X is hydrogen; halogen; C 1-20 alkyl; aryl; —OR, where R is C 1-20 alkyl or aryl; hydroxyl; —NR 5 R 6 , where R 5 and R 6 are independently hydrogen, C 1-20 alkyl or aryl; —CN, —SH; —NO 2 , —S—C 1-20 alkyl; —S-aryl; aryl, —COOH;
—COH; —COR or
—COOR, where R is defined above; or —CONR 17 R 18 , wherein R 17 and R 18 are independently hydrogen or R as defined above;
R 1 and R 2 are independently hydrogen, C 1-20 alkyl, C 1-20 alkyl sulfonate, C 1-20 alkyl carboxylic acid or carboxylate; C 1-20 alkyl amino or quaternized amino; aryl, benzyl, oligoethylene glycol, or polyethylene glycol;
R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen; hydroxyl; —OR 12 ; —NHR 13 ;
—NR 14 R 15 , C 1-20 alkyl, C 1-20 alkyl sulfate, C 1-20 alkyl carboxylate; C 1-20 alkyl amino; —COOH; —CO 2 − or —SO 3 − ; wherein R 12 -R 15 are the same as R; oligoethylene glycol, or polyethylene glycol;
R 5 -R 8 are independently hydrogen or C 1-20 alkyl;
n is an integer from 1-5;
R 16 is H or D; and
the benzene ring represented by dotted lines is optional,
wherein if the benzene ring is not present, R 16 is D;
wherein X is hydrogen; halogen; C 1-20 alkyl; aryl; —OR, where R is C 1-20 alkyl or aryl; hydroxyl; —NR 5 R 6 , where R 5 and R 6 are independently hydrogen, C 1-20 alkyl or aryl; —CN, —SH; —NO 2 , —S—C 1-20 alkyl; —S-aryl; aryl, —COOH;
—COH; —COR or —COOR, where R is defined above; or —CONR 16 R 17 , wherein R 16 and R 17 are independently hydrogen or R as defined above;
R 1 and R 2 are independently hydrogen, C 1-20 alkyl, C 1-20 alkyl sulfonate, C 1-20 alkyl carboxylic acid or carboxylate; C 1-20 alkyl amino or quaternized amino; aryl, benzyl, oligoethylene glycol, or polyethylene glycol;
R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen; hydroxyl; —OR 11 ; —NHR 12 ;
—NR 13 R 14 , C 1-20 alkyl, C 1-20 alkyl sulfate, C 1-20 alkyl carboxylate; C 1-20 alkyl amino; —COOH; —CO 2 − or —SO 3 − ; wherein R 11 -R 14 are the same as R; oligoethylene glycol, or polyethylene glycol;
R 5 -R 8 are independently hydrogen or C 1-20 alkyl;
R 15 is H or D; and
n is an integer from 1-5;
wherein X is hydrogen; halogen; C 1-20 alkyl; aryl; —OR, where R is C 1-20 alkyl or aryl; hydroxyl; —NR 5 R 6 , where R 5 and R 6 are independently hydrogen, C 1-20 alkyl or aryl; —CN, —SH; —NO 2 ; —S—C 1-20 alkyl; —S-aryl; aryl, —COOH;
—COH; —COR or —COOR, where R is defined above; or —CONR 12 R 13 , wherein R 12 and R 13 are independently hydrogen or R as defined above;
R 1 and R 2 are independently hydrogen, C 1-20 alkyl, C 1-20 alkyl sulfonate, C 1-20 alkyl carboxylic acid or carboxylate; C 1-20 alkyl amino or quaternized amino; aryl, benzyl, oligoethylene glycol, or polyethylene glycol;
R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen; hydroxyl; —OR 7 ; —NHR 8 ;
—NR 9 R 10 , C 1-20 alkyl, C 1-20 alkyl sulfate, C 1-20 alkyl carboxylate; C 1-20 alkyl amino; oligoethylene glycol, or polyethylene glycol;
—COOH; —CO 2 − or —SO 3 − ; wherein R 7 -R 10 are the same as R;
R 11 is H or D; and
n is an integer from 1-5;
wherein X is hydrogen; halogen; C 1-20 alkyl; aryl; —OR, where R is C 1-20 alkyl or aryl; hydroxyl; —NR 5 R 6 , where R 5 and R 6 are independently hydrogen, C 1-20 alkyl or aryl; —CN, —SH; —NO 2 ; —S—C 1-20 alkyl; —S-aryl; aryl, —COOH; —COH; —COR or —COOR, where R is defined above; or —CONR 12 R 13 , wherein R 12 and R 13 are independently hydrogen or R as defined above;
R 1 and R 2 are independently hydrogen, C 1-20 alkyl, C 1-20 alkyl sulfonate, C 1-20 alkyl carboxylic acid or carboxylate; C 1-20 alkyl amino or quaternized amino; aryl, benzyl, oligoethylene glycol, or polyethylene glycol; and
R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen; hydroxyl; —OR 7 ; —NHR 8 ;
—NR 9 R 10 , C 1-20 alkyl, C 1-20 alkyl sulfate, C 1-20 alkyl carboxylate; C 1-20 alkyl amino; —COOH; —CO 2 − or —SO 3 − ; wherein R 7 -R 10 are the same as R; oligoethylene glycol, or polyethylene glycol;
n is an integer from 1-5; and
q is 0, 1, or 2;
wherein X is hydrogen; halogen; C 1-20 alkyl; aryl; —OR, where R is C 1-20 alkyl or aryl; hydroxyl; —NR 5 R 6 , where R 5 and R 6 are independently hydrogen, C 1-20 alkyl or aryl; —CN, —SH; —NO 2 ; —S—C 1-20 alkyl; —S-aryl; aryl, —COOH;
—COH; —COR or —COOR, where R is defined above; or —CONR 12 R 13 , wherein R 12 and R 13 are independently hydrogen or R as defined above;
R 1 and R 2 are independently hydrogen, C 1-20 alkyl, C 1-20 alkyl sulfonate, C 1-20 alkyl carboxylic acid or carboxylate; C 1-20 alkyl amino or quaternized amino; aryl, benzyl, oligoethylene glycol, or polyethylene glycol; and
R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen; hydroxyl; —OR 7 ; —NHR 8 ;
—NR 9 R 10 , C 1-20 alkyl, C 1-20 alkyl sulfate, C 1-20 alkyl carboxylate; C 1-20 alkyl amino; —COOH; —CO 2 − or —SO 3 −; wherein R 7 -R 10 are the same as R; oligoethylene glycol, or polyethylene glycol;
R 11 is D; and
n is an integer from 1-5;
wherein X is hydrogen; halogen; C 1-20 alkyl; aryl; —OR, where R is C 1-20 alkyl or aryl; hydroxyl; —NR 5 R 6 , where R 5 and R 6 are independently hydrogen, C 1-20 alkyl or aryl; —CN, —SH; —NO 2 ; —S—C 1-20 alkyl; —S-aryl; aryl, —COOH;
—COH; —COR or —COOR, where R is defined above; or —CONR 13 R 14 , wherein R 13 and R 14 are independently hydrogen or R as defined above;
R 1 -R 4 are independently hydrogen, C 1-20 alkyl; C 1-20 alkyl sulfonate, C 1-20 alkyl carboxylic acid or carboxylate; C 1-20 alkyl amino or quaternized amino; aryl, benzyl, oligoethylene glycol, or polyethylene glycol;
R 5 and R 6 are independently hydrogen; hydroxyl; —OR 5 ; —NH 2 ; —NHR 6 ; —NR 7 R 8 , C 1-20 alkyl; C 1-20 alkyl sulfate; C 1-20 alkyl carboxylate; C 1-20 alkyl amino; —COOH; —CO 2 − ; or —SO 3 − ; wherein R 5 -R 8 are the same as R; oligoethylene glycol, or polyethylene glycol;
Y and Z are independently carbon, nitrogen or sulfur, wherein if Y and/or Z is carbon, the carbon is tetravalent having two substituents as defined above; if Y and/or Z is sulfur; the sulfur is divalent; and if Y and/or Z is nitrogen, the nitrogen is trivalent, having one substituent as defined above;
R 12 is H or D; and
the benzene ring represented by dotted lines is optional;
wherein X is hydrogen; halogen; C 1-20 alkyl; aryl; —OR, where R is C 1-20 alkyl or aryl; hydroxyl; —NR 5 R 6 , where R 5 and R 6 are independently hydrogen, C 1-20 alkyl or aryl; —CN, —SH; —NO 2 ; —S—C 1-20 alkyl; —S-aryl; —COOH; —COH;
—COR or —COOR, where R is defined above; or —CONR 13 R 14 , wherein R 13 and R 14 are independently hydrogen or R as defined above;
R 1 and R 2 are independently hydrogen, C 1-20 alkyl; C 1-20 alkyl sulfonate, C 1-20 alkyl carboxylic acid or carboxylate; C 1-20 alkyl amino or quaternized amino; aryl, benzyl, oligoethylene glycol, or polyethylene glycol;
R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen; hydroxyl; —OR 5 ; —NH 2 ; —NHR 6 ; —NR 7 R 8 , C 1-20 alkyl; C 1-20 alkyl sulfonate, C 1-20 alkyl carboxylic acid or carboxylate; C 1-20 alkyl amino or quaternized amino; —COOH; —CO 2 − ; or —SO 3 − ; wherein R 5 -R 8 are independent selected from the group consisting of C 1-20 alkyl or aryl; oligoethylene glycol, or polyethylene glycol;
Z is carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen, wherein if Y and/or Z is carbon, the carbon is tetravalent having two substituents as defined above; if Y and/or Z is sulfur and/or oxygen; the sulfur and/or oxygen is divalent; and if Y and/or Z is nitrogen, the nitrogen is trivalent, having one substituent as defined above;
R 12 is H or D; and
the benzene ring represented by dotted lines is optional.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the hydrocyanine or deuterocyanine is a compound of formula (d).
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the benzene ring is absent.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein X=H, R 1 and R 2 =methyl, ethyl, or (CH 2 ) 4 SO 3 Na, R 3 and R 4 =H, R 5 -R 8 =methyl, and R 16 =D or H.
12. The method of claim 9 , wherein the benzene ring is present.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein X=H, R 1 and R 2 =methyl, ethyl, or (CH 2 ) 4 SO 3 Na, R 3 and R 4 =H, R 5 -R 8 =methyl, and R 16 =D or H.
14. The method of claim 8 , wherein the hydrocyanine or deuterocyanine is a compound of formula (g).
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein X=Cl, q=2, n=1, R 3 and R 4 =H, R 1 and R 2 =(CH 2 ) 4 SO 3 Na, and R 11 is hydrogen or deuterium.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cells, tissue, biological fluids, or combinations thereof are contacted with the one or more reduced dyes in vitro.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cells, tissue, biological fluids, or combinations thereof are contacted with the one or more reduced dyes in vivo.