MCAM as a biomarker for fluid homeostasis
The application discloses MCAM as a new biomarker for fluid homeostatic imbalance; methods for predicting, diagnosing, prognosticating and/or monitoring fluid homeostatic imbalance based on measuring said biomarker; and kits and devices for measuring said biomarker and/or performing said methods.
1. A method for treating impaired fluid homeostasis in a subject having symptoms of, being diagnosed with, or being at risk of developing heart failure, wherein the method comprises:
a) identifying the subject as in need of treatment for impaired fluid homeostasis by a method comprising:
(i) providing a sample from the subject;
(ii) measuring the quantity of circulating melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) in the sample from the subject;
(iii) comparing the quantity of circulating MCAM measured in (ii) with a reference value of the quantity of circulating MCAM, said reference value representing normal fluid homeostasis, and finding a deviation of the quantity of circulating MCAM measured in (ii) from said reference value so as to identify the subject as in need of the treatment, wherein an increased quantity of circulating MCAM in the sample from the subject compared to a reference value representing normal fluid homeostasis identifies the subject as in need of treatment of impaired fluid homeostasis; and
b) treating the subject having the deviation, with a treatment or therapy that restores fluid homeostasis by decreasing the fluid content, selected from the group consisting of treatment with exogenous and/or endogenous diuretic agents, ultrafiltration, and treatment with exogenous and/or endogenous vasopressive antagonists.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said impaired fluid homeostasis is characterized by an increased or decreased vascular filling volume or pressure in said subject and/or a weight gain or weight loss due to fluid build-up or fluid drainage, respectively in said subject.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said impaired fluid homeostasis is caused by systolic dysfunction.
4. The method according to claim 3 , wherein said systolic dysfunction is characterized by a decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and/or by increased cardiac filling pressure.
5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the identification step a) of the method further comprises measuring the quantity of one or more other biomarkers selected from the group consisting of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and fragments or precursors thereof in the sample from the subject.
6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the quantity of circulating MCAM is measured using a binding agent capable of specifically binding to MCAM.
7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the quantity of MCAM is measured using an immunoassay technology, or using a mass spectrometry analysis method or using a chromatography method, or using a combination of said methods.
8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said sample is plasma, and wherein the plasma circulating form of MCAM is detected.
9. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the heart failure is acute heart failure (AHF) or chronic heart failure (CHF).
10. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the quantity of MCAM is measured using an antibody or aptamer specifically binding to circulating MCAM.
11. The method according to claim 1 , wherein an increased quantity of MCAM in the sample from the subject compared to a reference value representing normal fluid homeostasis indicates that the subject is over-filled or is at risk of becoming over-filled, and wherein said therapy to restore fluid homeostasis by decreasing the fluid content, the vascular filling volume or pressure and/or reversing weight gain due to fluid build-up comprises administrating exogenous and/or endogenous diuretic agents, exogenous and/or endogenous vasopressive antagonists, and/or ultrafiltration to remove salts and the corresponding fluid from the circulation.
12. A method for treating impaired fluid homeostasis in a subject having symptoms of, being diagnosed with, or being at risk of developing heart failure, said subject being under treatment or having been under treatment, wherein the method comprises:
a) Identifying the subject as being in need of further treatment of impaired fluid homeostasis by a method comprising:
(i) providing blood samples taken from the subject at two or more successive time points;
(ii) measuring the quantity of circulating melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) in said blood samples;
(iii) comparing the quantity of circulating MCAM measured samples as measured in (ii) and finding a deviation or no deviation of the quantity of the circulating MCAM between said samples measured in (ii) so as to identify the subject as in need of the treatment;
(iv) attributing said finding of deviation or no deviation in (iii) to a change in fluid homeostasis in the subject between the two or more successive time points
b) treating the subject having the deviation, with a treatment or therapy that restores fluid homeostasis by decreasing the fluid content, selected from the group consisting of treatment with exogenous and/or endogenous diuretic agents, ultrafiltration, and treatment with exogenous and/or endogenous vasopressive antagonists,
wherein an increase in quantity of circulating MCAM in the samples taken from said subject at successive time points identifies the subject as being in need of further treatment for fluid homeostasis, and
wherein a decrease or normalisation in quantity of circulating MCAM in the samples taken from said subject at successive time points identifies the subject as no longer being in need of further treatment for fluid homeostasis.
13. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the symptoms of heart failure are caused by volume overload.