Expanders for lead-acid batteries
An expander formulation used in battery paste compositions. The expander formulation incorporates effective amounts, or elevated concentrations of up to 6% of graphite and mixtures of carbon black and graphite to lessen or minimize the accumulation of lead sulfate on the surface of the negative plate during high rate PSOC battery operation, and/or to increase the electrochemical efficiency, the reserve capacity, the cold cranking performance and the cycle life of lead-acid batteries.
1. An expander for a battery paste for a negative battery plate for a lead-acid battery, comprising:
barium sulfate;
a concentration of graphite or mixture of carbon and graphite of approximately 1% to 5% of an amount of oxide used in the battery paste, wherein the concentration of graphite or mixture of carbon and graphite includes approximately 1% to 3% graphite; and
a lignosulfonate.
2. The expander of claim 1 , wherein the concentration of graphite or mixture of carbon and graphite includes approximately 1% to 2% carbon black.
3. The expander of claim 2 , wherein the concentration of graphite or mixture of carbon and graphite includes approximately 2% graphite and approximately 2% carbon black.
4. The expander of claim 1 , wherein the concentration of graphite or mixture of carbon and graphite is approximately 1.1% of an amount of oxide used in the battery paste for a battery plate for a flooded electrolyte automotive lead-acid battery.
5. The expander of claim 4 , wherein the concentration of graphite or mixture of carbon and graphite includes approximately 1.0% graphite.
6. The expander of claim 1 , wherein the concentration of graphite or mixture of carbon and graphite decreases lead sulfate accumulation on the surface of negative active material in the lead-acid battery.
7. The expander of claim 1 , wherein the concentration of graphite or mixture of carbon and graphite increases at least one of the electrochemical efficiency, the reserve capacity, the cold cranking performance and the cycle life of the lead-acid battery.
8. A negative battery plate made from a battery paste incorporating the expander of claim 1 .
9. The negative battery plate of claim 8 , wherein the expander increases at least one of the electrochemical efficiency, the reserve capacity, the cold cranking performance and the cycle life of a lead-acid battery having the negative battery plate.
10. The expander of claim 1 , wherein the barium sulfate has a concentration of approximately 0.8% of the amount of oxide used in the battery paste, the graphite has a concentration of approximately 2% of the amount of oxide used in the battery paste, and the lignosulfonate has a concentration of approximately 0.2% of the amount of oxide used in the battery paste.
11. The expander of claim 2 , wherein the barium sulfate has a concentration of approximately 0.8% of the amount of oxide used in the battery paste, the carbon black has a concentration of approximately 2% of the amount of oxide used in the battery paste, the graphite has a concentration of approximately 2% of the amount of oxide used in the battery paste, and the lignosulfonate has a concentration of approximately 0.6% of the amount of oxide used in the battery paste.
12. The expander of claim 2 , wherein the barium sulfate has a concentration of approximately 0.8% of the amount of oxide used in the battery paste, the carbon black has a concentration of approximately 2% of the amount of oxide used in the battery paste, the graphite has a concentration of approximately 2% of the amount of oxide used in the battery paste, and the lignosulfonate has a concentration of approximately 0.2% of the amount of oxide used in the battery paste.
13. The expander of claim 2 , wherein the barium sulfate has a concentration of approximately 0.8% of the amount of oxide used in the battery paste, the carbon black has a concentration of approximately 1% of the amount of oxide used in the battery paste, the graphite has a concentration of approximately 1% of the amount of oxide used in the battery paste, and the lignosulfonate has a concentration of approximately 0.2% of the amount of oxide used in the battery paste.
14. The expander of claim 2 , wherein the barium sulfate has a concentration of approximately 0.8% of the amount of oxide used in the battery paste, the carbon black has a concentration of approximately 2% of the amount of oxide used in the battery paste, the graphite has a concentration of approximately 3% of the amount of oxide used in the battery paste, and the lignosulfonate has a concentration of approximately 0.2% of the amount of oxide used in the battery paste.
15. The expander of claim 2 , wherein the barium sulfate has a concentration of approximately 0.6% of the amount of oxide used in the battery paste, the carbon black has a concentration of approximately 0.1% of the amount of oxide used in the battery paste, the graphite has a concentration of approximately 1% of the amount of oxide used in the battery paste, and the lignosulfonate has a concentration of approximately 0.2% of the amount of oxide used in the battery paste.
16. A negative battery plate made from a battery paste incorporating the expander of claim 2 .
17. The negative battery plate of claim 16 , wherein the expander increases at least one of the electrochemical efficiency, the reserve capacity, the cold cranking performance and the cycle life of a lead-acid battery having the negative battery plate.