Generation of hydrogen from hydrocarbon bearing materials
Disclosed are strategies for the economical microbial generation of hydrogen, useful as an alternative energy source, from hydrocarbon-rich deposits such as coal, oil and/or gas formations, oil shale, bitumen, tar sands, carbonaceous shale, peat deposits and sediments rich in organic matter through the management of the metabolism of microbial consortia.
1. A method of enhancing microbial production of hydrogen from a hydrocarbon-rich material, the method comprising:
accessing a hydrocarbon-rich deposit;
removing at least a portion of the hydrocarbon-rich material from the deposit under anaerobic conditions, wherein the indigenous microbial community of the hydrocarbon-rich material is preserved by protection from exposure to oxygen;
depositing the hydrocarbon-rich material in a reactor, wherein the reactor is maintained under anaerobic conditions; and
collecting a gas mixture from the reactor comprising the hydrogen.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reactor is located ex-situ from the hydrocarbon-rich deposit.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reactor is sealed from all sources of light.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbon-rich material is selected from the group consisting of oil, coal, bitumen, tar sands, lignite, peat, carbonaceous shale, and sediments rich in organic matter.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising, after the step of accessing the hydrocarbon-rich deposit, characterizing at least one microorganism of the hydrocarbon-rich deposit.
6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising modifying the composition within the reactor.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the step of modifying the composition within the bioreactor comprises inhibiting the consumption of hydrogen by methanogenic microorganisms, acetogenic microorganisms, sulfate-reducing microorganisms, and/or iron-reducing microorganisms.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the step of modifying the composition within the reactor further comprises addition to the reactor of a composition comprising at least one of a nutrient, a vitamin, a metal ion, nitrogen, a phosphorus-containing compound, a trace element, an enzyme, a catalyst and a buffer, or an alcohol.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrogen produced is consumed by methanogenic microorganisms and is then recovered as part of a production of methane or acetate by microorganisms.
10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising introducing at least one microorganism to the reactor that is not native to the hydrocarbon-rich deposit.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the microorganism introduced to the reactor has been genetically modified.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one environmental parameter of the reactor is modified.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the environmental parameter modified is selected from the group consisting of temperature, pH, salinity, sulfate concentration, phosphorus concentration, acetate or other organic acid concentration, methane concentration, hydrogen concentration, water content, metal ion concentration or composition, and hydrocarbon concentration or composition.