Fiber-based adsorbents having high adsorption capacities for recovering dissolved metals and methods thereof
A fiber-based adsorbent and a related method of manufacture are provided. The fiber-based adsorbent includes polymer fibers with grafted side chains and an increased surface area per unit weight over known fibers to increase the adsorption of dissolved metals, for example uranium, from aqueous solutions. The polymer fibers include a circular morphology in some embodiments, having a mean diameter of less than 15 microns, optionally less than about 1 micron. In other embodiments, the polymer fibers include a non-circular morphology, optionally defining multiple gear-shaped, winged-shaped or lobe-shaped projections along the length of the polymer fibers. A method for forming the fiber-based adsorbents includes irradiating high surface area polymer fibers, grafting with polymerizable reactive monomers, reacting the grafted fibers with hydroxylamine, and conditioning with an alkaline solution. High surface area fiber-based adsorbents formed according to the present method demonstrated a significantly improved uranium adsorption capacity per unit weight over existing adsorbents.
1. A method comprising:
providing a polymer fiber including a non-circular cross-section having a plurality of surface projections extending along the length of the polymer fiber;
exposing the polymer fiber to ionizing radiation to generate a reaction initiating a radical on the polymer fiber;
co-grafting polymerizable monomers containing nitrile and hydrophilic groups onto the polymer fiber to form grafted side chains;
reacting the nitrile groups in the grafted side chains with a reagent to convert the nitrile groups into compounds adapted to complex metal ions; and
conditioning the grafted polymer fiber with an alkaline solution to obtain a fiber-based adsorbent capable of complexing metal ions from an aqueous solution.
2. The method according to claim 1 wherein co-grafting polymerizable monomers is performed while the polymer fiber is exposed to ionizing radiation.
3. The method according to claim 1 wherein co-grafting polymerizable monomers is performed after the polymer fiber is exposed to ionizing radiation.
4. The method according to claim 1 wherein the metal ions include uranyl tricarbonate ion.
5. The method according to claim 1 wherein the metal ions are selected from the group consisting of uranium, titanium, vanadium, gold, platinum, palladium, silver, rare earth metals, mercury, chromium, cadmium, lead, cobalt, zinc, copper, iron and nickel.
6. The method according to claim 1 wherein the polymer fiber is selected from a group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide, polyester, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer and polyacrylonitrile.
7. The method according to claim 1 wherein the nitrile group is selected from the group consisting of acrylonitrile, vinylidene cyanide, crotonnitrile, methacrylonitrile, chloroacrylonitrile, 2-cyanomethacrylate and 2-cyanoethylacrylate.
8. The method according to claim 1 wherein the hydrophilic group is selected from the group consisting of methacrylic acid, acrylic acid, itaconic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, allyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol acrylate, polyethylene glycol methacrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate, N-vinylpyrrolidone, acrylamide, sulfonic acid group, carboxylic acid group, phenolic hydryoxyl group, phosphonic acid group.
9. The method according to claim 1 wherein the reagent includes hydroxylamine.
10. The method according to claim 1 wherein the reagent is selected from the group comprising hydroxylamine derivatives, hydrazine, hydrazine derivatives, N-methylhydroxylamine, acetohydroxamic acid, N-benzylhydroxylamine hydrochloride, hydroxyurea, tert-butyl n-hydroxycarbamate, sym-diphenylhydrazine, methylhydrazine sulfate, phenylhydrazine and hydrochloride.
11. The method according to claim 1 wherein the monomers are contained within an aqueous-based emulsion including a surfactant.
12. A method comprising:
providing a polymer fiber including an outer surface defining a non-circular cross-section having a plurality of projections for increasing the fiber surface area;
exposing the polymer fiber to ionizing radiation and co-grafting polymerizable monomers containing nitrile and hydrophilic groups to form grafted side chains;
reacting the nitrile groups in the grafted side chains with a reagent to convert the nitrile groups into compounds adapted to complex metal ions; and
conditioning the irradiated, grafted polymer fiber with an alkaline solution to obtain a fiber-based adsorbent capable of adsorbing dissolved metals from an aqueous solution.
13. The method according to claim 12 wherein the non-circular cross-section is one of multi-lobed shaped, gear-shaped, wing-shaped and flower-shaped.
14. The method according to claim 12 wherein co-grafting polymerizable monomers is performed while the polymer fiber is exposed to ionizing radiation.
15. The method according to claim 12 wherein co-grafting polymerizable monomers is performed after the polymer fiber is exposed to ionizing radiation.
16. The method according to claim 12 wherein the polymer is selected from a group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide, polyester, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer, and polyacrylonitrile.
17. The method according to claim 12 wherein the polymer fiber forms at least one of a woven fabric, a braided fabric, a knitted fabric, and a nonwoven fabric.
18. The method according to claim 12 wherein the dissolved metals are selected from the group consisting of uranium, titanium, vanadium, gold, platinum, palladium, silver, rare earth metals, mercury, chromium, cadmium, lead, cobalt, zinc, copper, iron and nickel.
19. The method according to claim 12 wherein the reagent is selected from the group consisting of hydroxylamine, hydroxylamine derivatives, hydrazine, hydrazine derivatives, N-methylhydroxylamine, acetohydroxamic acid, N-benzylhydroxylamine hydrochloride, hydroxyurea, tert-butyl n-hydroxycarbamate, sym-diphenylhydrazine, methylhydrazine sulfate, phenylhydrazine and hydrochloride.
20. The method according to claim 12 wherein the monomers are contained within an aqueous-based emulsion including a surfactant.