RNA interference mediating small RNA molecules
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) induces sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing in many organisms by a process known as RNA interference (RNAi). Using a Drosophila in vitro system, we demonstrate that 19-23 nt short RNA fragments are the sequence-specific mediators of RNAI. The short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are generated by an RNase III-like processing reaction from long dsRNA. Chemically synthesized siRNA duplexes with overhanging 3′ ends mediate efficient target RNA cleavage in the lysate, and the cleavage site is located near the center of the region spanned by the guiding siRNA. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the direction of dsRNA processing determines whether sense or antisense target RNA can be cleaved by the produced siRNP complex.
1. A method of stabilizing a synthetic, double-stranded RNA interference (RNAi) agent, comprised of two separate RNA strands, against RNAse mediated degradation, said method comprising substituting at least one ribonucleotide in the RNAi agent with a sugar-modified ribonucleotide, wherein the 2′-OH group of said sugar-modified ribonucleotide is replaced by a group selected from the group consisting of H, OR, R, halo, SH, SR, NH 2 , NHR, NR 2 and CN, wherein R is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl or alkynyl and halo is F, Cl, Br or I; and/or substituting at least one ribonucleotide in the RNAi agent with a backbone-modified ribonucleotide containing a phosphorothioate group; and wherein:
(i) each RNA strand in said RNAi agent independently consists of 19-25 nucleotides,
(ii) at least one strand of said RNAi agent has a single-stranded 3′-overhang from 1-5 nucleotides and said 3′-overhang comprises one or more nucleotide analogues, and
(iii) the resultant stabilized RNAi agent is capable of sequence specific mRNA degradation.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one strand of said double-stranded RNAi agent has a 3′-overhang from 1-3 nucleotides.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one strand of said double-stranded RNAi agent has a 3′-overhang of 2 nucleotides.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein each strand has a length from 20-22 nucleotides.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein both strands of said double-stranded RNAi agent have a 3′-overhang from 1-5 nucleotides or 1-3 nucleotides.
6. The method of claim 4 , wherein at least one strand of said double-stranded RNAi agent has a 3′-overhang from 1-3 nucleotides.
7. The method of claim 4 , wherein at least one strand of said double-stranded RNAi agent has a 3′-overhang of 2 nucleotides.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the double-stranded RNAi agent comprises at least one sugar-modified ribonucleotide, wherein the 2′-OH group of said sugar-modified ribonucleotide is replaced by a group selected from H, OR, R, halo, SH, SR 1 , NH 2 , NHR, NR 2 or CN, wherein R is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl or alkynyl and halo is F, Cl, Br or I.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the double-stranded RNAi agent comprises at least one backbone-modified ribonucleotide containing a phosphorothioate group.
10. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said 3′ overhang comprises purine nucleotides.
11. The method according to claim 1 , wherein a pyrimidine nucleotide in said 3′ overhang is substituted by a nucleotide analogue.
12. The method according to claim 11 , wherein said nucleotide analogue is selected from the group consisting of uridines or cytodines modified at the 5-position, adenosines and guanosines modified at the 8-position, deaza nucleotides, and O— and N-alkylated nucleotides.
13. The method according to claim 12 , wherein said nucleotide analogue is selected from the group consisting of 5-(2-amino)propyl uridine, 5-bromo uridine, 8-bromo guanosine, 7-deaza-adenosine, and N6-methyl adenosine.
14. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said stabilized RNAi agent has two or more different substitutions.
15. The method according to claim 14 , wherein said stabilized RNAi agent has at least one 2′-OMe sugar modified ribonucleotide and at least one phosphorothioate backbone modified ribonucleotide.
16. The method according to claim 14 , wherein said stabilized RNAi agent has at least one 2′-F sugar modified ribonucleotide and at least one phosphorothioate backbone modified ribonucleotide.
17. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said 3′-overhang is comprised of at least one phosphorothioate backbone modified ribonucleotide.
18. The method according to claim 1 , wherein one of said RNA strands is complementary to a target nucleic acid.
19. The method according to claim 3 , wherein said 3′ overhang consists of two thymidines.
20. The method according to claim 19 , wherein said thymidines are 2′deoxythymidines.
21. The method according to claim 20 , wherein said 2′deoxythymidines are linked via a phosphorothioate bond.
22. The method according to claim 19 , wherein said thymidines are not complementary to a target sequence.
23. A method of stabilizing a non-enzymatically synthesized, double-stranded RNAi agent, comprised of two separate RNA strands, against RNAse mediated degradation, said method comprising substituting at least one ribonucleotide in the RNAi agent with a sugar-modified ribonucleotide, wherein the 2′-OH group of said sugar-modified ribonucleotide is replaced by a group selected from the group consisting of H, OR, R, halo, SH, SR, NH 2 , NHR, NR 2 and CN, wherein R is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl or alkynyl and halo is F, Cl, Br or I; and/or substituting at least one ribonucleotide in the RNAi agent with a backbone-modified ribonucleotide containing a phosphorothioate group; and wherein:
(i) each RNA strand in said RNAi agent independently consists of 19-25 nucleotides,
(ii) at least one strand of said RNAi agent has a 3′-overhang from 1-5 nucleotides in length and said 3′-overhang has been stabilized against degradation, and
(iii) the resultant stabilized RNAi agent is capable of sequence specific mRNA degradation.
24. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said double-stranded RNAi agent is substantially free from contaminants occurring in cell extracts.
25. The method of claim 1 , wherein the double-stranded RNAi agent has a sequence having an identity of at least 70 percent in the double-stranded portion of the RNAi agent to a target mRNA.
26. The method of claim 25 , wherein the identity to the target mRNA is at least 85 percent in the double-stranded portion of the RNAi agent.
27. The method of claim 25 , wherein the identity to the target mRNA is 100 percent in the double-stranded portion of the RNAi agent.
28. The method of claim 1 , wherein each strand of the RNAi agent consists of 20-25 nucleotides in length.
29. The method of claim 1 , wherein each strand of the RNAi agent consists of 19-23 nucleotides in length.
30. The method of claim 1 , wherein one strand of the RNAi agent is blunt-ended.
31. The method of claim 1 , wherein said 3′-overhang has been stabilized against degradation.
32. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nucleotide analogue of said 3′-overhang is a sugar-modified ribonucleotide, wherein the 2′-OH group of said sugar-modified ribonucleotide is replaced by a group selected from the group consisting of H, OR, R, halo, SH, SR, NH 2 , NHR, NR 2 and CN, wherein R is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl or alkynyl and halo is F, Cl, Br or I.
33. The method of claim 32 , wherein said 3′-overhang further comprises a backbone-modified ribonucleotide containing a phosphorothioate group.
34. The method of claim 1 , wherein said RNAi agent comprises a 2′-F sugar modified ribonucleotide, a 2′-OMe sugar modified ribonucleotide and a phosphorothioate backbone modified ribonucleotide.
35. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mRNA degradation occurs in a mammalian cell.
36. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mRNA degradation occurs in a tumor cell.
37. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mRNA degradation occurs in a virus-infected cell.
38. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mRNA degradation occurs in a human cell.
39. A method of stabilizing a synthetic, double-stranded RNAi agent, comprised of two separate RNA strands, against RNAse mediated degradation, said method comprising substituting at least one ribonucleotide in the RNAi agent with a sugar-modified ribonucleotide, wherein the 2′-OH group of said sugar-modified ribonucleotide is replaced by a group selected from the group consisting of H, OR, R, halo, SH, SR, NH 2 , NHR, NR 2 and CN, wherein R is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl or alkynyl and halo is F, Cl, Br or I; and/or substituting at least one ribonucleotide in the RNAi agent with a backbone-modified ribonucleotide containing a phosphorothioate group; wherein:
(i) each RNA strand in said RNAi agent independently consists of 19-25 nucleotides,
(ii) at least one strand of said stabilized RNAi agent has a 3′-overhang from 1-5 nucleotides and said 3′-overhang has been stabilized against degradation, and
(iii) the resultant stabilized RNAi agent is capable of sequence specific mRNA degradation.
40. The method of claim 39 , wherein the double-stranded RNAi agent has a sequence having an identity of at least 70 percent in the double-stranded portion of the RNAi agent to a target mRNA.
41. The method of claim 40 , wherein the identity to the target mRNA is at least 85 percent in the double-stranded portion of the RNAi agent.
42. The method of claim 40 , wherein the identity to the target mRNA is 100 percent in the double-stranded portion of the RNAi agent.
43. The method of claim 39 , wherein each strand of the RNAi agent consists of 20-25 nucleotides in length.
44. The method of claim 39 , wherein each strand of the RNAi agent consists of 19-23 nucleotides in length.
45. The method of claim 39 , wherein one strand of the RNAi agent is blunt-ended.
46. The method of claim 39 , wherein said 3′-overhang comprises one or more nucleotide analogues.
47. The method of claim 46 , wherein the nucleotide analogue of said 3′-overhang is a sugar-modified ribonucleotide, wherein the 2′-OH group of said sugar-modified ribonucleotide is replaced by a group selected from the group consisting of H, OR, R, halo, SH, SR, NH 2 , NHR, NR 2 and CN, wherein R is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl or alkynyl and halo is F, Cl, Br or I.
48. The method of claim 47 , wherein said 3′-overhang further comprises a backbone-modified ribonucleotide containing a phosphorothioate group.
49. The method of claim 39 , wherein said RNAi agent comprises a 2′-F sugar modified ribonucleotide, a 2′-OMe sugar modified ribonucleotide and a phosphorothioate backbone modified ribonucleotide.
50. The method of claim 39 , wherein the double-stranded RNAi agent mediates mRNA degradation of a target gene chosen from a pathogen-associated gene, a viral gene, a tumor-associated gene, or an autoimmune disease-associated gene.
51. The method of claim 39 , wherein the mRNA degradation occurs in a mammalian cell.
52. The method of claim 39 , wherein the mRNA degradation occurs in an embryonic cell or a pluripotent stem cell.
53. The method of claim 39 , wherein the mRNA degradation occurs in a tumor cell.
54. The method of claim 39 , wherein the mRNA degradation occurs in virus-infected cell.
55. The method of claim 39 , wherein the mRNA degradation occurs in a plant cell.
56. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mRNA degradation occurs in an embryonic cell or a pluripotent stem cell.
57. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mRNA degradation occurs a plant cell.
58. The method of claim 1 , wherein the double-stranded RNAi agent mediates mRNA degradation of a target gene chosen from a pathogen-associated gene, a viral gene, a tumor-associated gene, or an autoimmune disease-associated gene.
59. The method of claim 23 , wherein the 3′-overhang consists of two 2′-deoxythymidines linked via a phosphorothioate bond, wherein said 2-deoxythymidines are not complementary to a target sequence.
60. The method of claim 39 , wherein the 3′-overhang consists of two 2′deoxythymidines linked via a phosphorothioate bond, wherein said 2-deoxythymidines are not complementary to a target sequence.
61. The method according to claim 39 , wherein said stabilized RNAi agent has at least one 2′-OMe sugar modified ribonucleotide and at least one phosphorothioate backbone modified ribonucleotide.
62. The method according to claim 39 , wherein said stabilized RNAi agent has at least one 2′-F sugar modified ribonucleotide and at least one phosphorothioate backbone modified ribonucleotide.