Quality factor tuning for LC circuits
Apparatus and methods are also disclosed related to tuning a quality factor of an LC circuit. In some implementations, the LC circuit can be embodied in a low-noise amplifier (LNA). A quality factor adjustment circuit can increase and/or decrease conductance across the LC circuit. This can stabilize a parasitic resistance in parallel with the LC circuit. In this way, a gain of the LC circuit can be stabilized.
1. An apparatus comprising:
an LC circuit having a first end and a second end, the LC circuit having a resonant frequency;
a positive transconductance circuit operatively coupled to the first end and the second end of the LC circuit, the positive transconductance circuit configured to provide a positive conductance between the first end of the LC circuit and the second end of the LC circuit such that a conductance between the first end of the LC circuit and the second end of the LC circuit is increased; and
a negative transconductance circuit operatively coupled to the first end and the second end of the LC circuit, the negative transconductance circuit configured to provide a negative conductance between the first end of the LC circuit and the second end of the LC circuit such that the conductance between the first end of the LC circuit and the second end of the LC circuit is decreased.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein an inductor of the LC circuit has resistive losses, and wherein the positive transconductance circuit and the negative transconductance circuit are configured to adjust the conductance between the first end of the LC circuit and the second end of the LC circuit to compensate for the resistive losses.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the apparatus comprises a low-noise amplifier (LNA), and wherein the LNA includes the LC circuit.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the positive transconductance circuit and the negative transconductance circuit are configured to stabilize the gain of the LNA by tuning of the quality factor of the LC circuit.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein at least one of the positive transconductance circuit or the negative transconductance circuit is configured to set a voltage gain range for the LNA based at least in part on a variable bias signal at a gate of a transistor of the at least one of the positive transconductance circuit or the negative transconductance circuit.
6. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein:
the apparatus comprises a receiver;
the receiver comprises the LNA, the positive transconductance circuit, and the negative transconductance circuit; and
the positive transconductance circuit is configured to increase the conductance between the first end of the LC circuit and the second end of the LC circuit based on a variation in a performance aspect detected by an open loop of the receiver, the LNA being outside of the open loop.
7. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein:
the apparatus comprises a receiver;
the receiver comprises the LNA, the positive transconductance circuit, and the negative transconductance circuit; and
the positive transconductance circuit is configured to increase the conductance between the first end of the LC circuit and the second end of the LC circuit based on a variation in a performance aspect detected by a closed feedback loop of the receiver that includes the LNA.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the receiver further comprises an on chip radio frequency (RF) source having an output electrically coupleable to an input of the LNA.
9. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the receiver further comprises a switch configured to selectively electrically couple an input of the LNA to an off chip radio frequency (RF) source.
10. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein an input of the LNA is controllable during a quality factor tuning phase of operation to obtain data for use in determining a quality factoring tuning value, and wherein the positive transconductance circuit is configured to receive the quality factor tuning value.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a temperature detection element configured to obtain an indicator of a temperature associated with the LC circuit, wherein the positive transconductance circuit and the negative transconductance circuit are configured to adjust the conductance between the first end of the LC circuit and the second end of the LC circuit based at least in part on the indicator of IC temperature.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising an oscillator separate from the LC circuit, wherein the positive transconductance circuit and the negative transconductance circuit are configured to adjust the conductance between the first end of the LC circuit and the second end of the LC circuit based at least in part on an indicator of quality factor generated by the oscillator separate from the LC circuit.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the LC circuit is embodied in a receiver, wherein the receiver comprises a receiver component configured to determine received signal strength indication (RSSI), and wherein the positive transconductance circuit and the negative transconductance circuit are configured to adjust the conductance between the first end of the LC circuit and the second end of the LC circuit based at least in part on the RSSI.
14. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the positive transconductance circuit and the negative transconductance circuit are configured to stabilize resistance across the first end of the LC circuit and the second end of the LC circuit.
15. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the negative transconductance circuit comprises a first field effect transistor and a second field effect transistor, the first field effect transistor having a gate coupled to the first end of the LC circuit and a drain coupled to the second end of the LC circuit, and the second field effect transistor having a gate coupled to the second end of the LC circuit and a drain coupled to the first end of the LC circuit.
16. The apparatus of claim 15 , wherein the positive transconductance circuit comprises a third field effect transistor and a fourth field effect transistor, wherein the third field effect transistor is diode connected and has a drain coupled to the second end of the LC circuit, and wherein the fourth field effect transistor is diode connected and has a drain coupled to the first end of the LC circuit.
17. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the apparatus is configured to either provide the positive conductance between the first end of the LC circuit and the second end of the LC circuit or provide the negative conductance between the first end of the LC circuit and the second end of the LC circuit based on a select signal.
18. An apparatus comprising a low noise amplifier (LNA), the LNA comprising:
an LC circuit having a first node and a second node; and
a quality factor tuning circuit electrically coupled to the first node of the LC circuit and the second node of the LC circuit, the quality factor tuning circuit configured to stabilize a gain of the LNA by selectively coupling either a positive conductance or a negative conductance between the first node of the LC circuit and the second node of the LC circuit.
19. A method of tuning a quality factor of an LC circuit, the method comprising:
generating, using a control block, an indication of a variation of the quality factor of the LC circuit;
using a quality factor tuning circuit operatively coupled to a first end and a second end of the LC circuit and configured to receive an input from the control block, adjusting a conductance applied between the first end of the LC circuit and the second end of the LC circuit by selectively coupling either a positive conductance of the quality factor tuning circuit or a negative conductance of the quality factor tuning circuit between the first end of the LC circuit and the second end of the LC circuit based at least in part on the indication of the variation; and
stabilizing an effective conductance between the first end of the LC circuit and the second end of the LC circuit as operating conditions of the LC circuit change using the control block to control the quality factor tuning circuit.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein adjusting the conductance applied between the first end of the LC circuit and the second end of the LC circuit comprises:
providing the positive conductance between the first end of the LC circuit and the second end of the LC circuit such that the conductance between the first end of the LC circuit and the second end of the LC circuit is increased; and
providing the negative conductance between the first end of the LC circuit and the second end of the LC circuit such that the conductance between the first end of the LC circuit and the second end of the LC circuit is decreased.
21. The method of claim 19 , wherein stabilizing comprises stabilizing the quality factor of the LC circuit.
22. The method of claim 19 , wherein the variation is caused by at least one of a temperature variation or a process variation.
23. The method of claim 19 , wherein the operating conditions include a temperature of an integrated circuit that includes the LC circuit.
24. The method of claim 19 , further comprising generating the indication of the variation with a temperature detection element.
25. The method of claim 19 , further comprising generating the indication of the variation with an oscillator separate from the LC circuit.
26. The method of claim 25 , further comprising detecting an onset of oscillation of the oscillator that is separate from the LC circuit, wherein adjusting is based at least in part on said detecting.
27. The method of claim 19 , wherein the LC circuit is embodied in a receiver, wherein the method further comprises measuring a received signal strength indication (RSSI) of a radio frequency (RF) signal received by the receiver, and wherein the indication of the variation is the measured RSSI.
28. The method of claim 27 , wherein the LC circuit is embodied in an LNA of a receiver, wherein the method further comprises forcing the LNA into oscillation, wherein said stabilizing is based on RSSI.
29. The method of claim 19 , further comprising:
receiving a signal from an off-chip RF source at an input of an LNA that includes the LC circuit; and
determining RSSI based on a specified power level of the signal from the off-chip RF source,
wherein said stabilizing is based on the RSSI.