Compositions for reducing gastro-intestinal methanogenesis in ruminants
The present invention concerns the reduction of gastro-intestinal methanogenesis in ruminants with the aid of agents that compete for the hydrogen atoms required by methanogens during normal fermentation of ingested feed. The invention in one aspect resides in the findings that both nitrate reductive pathways as well as sulphate reductive pathways outcompete gastro-intestinal methanogenesis in ruminants and, that the methanogenesis reducing effects of nitrate and sulphate are completely additive. At the same time the combined administration of nitrate and sulphate was found to be fully effective to avoid or mitigate the potential problems of nitrite intoxication normally encountered when using nitrate alone, which effect is further enhanced, where necessary, by the addition of a nitrite reducing probiotic micoroorganism. Hence, products are provided comprising high amounts of a combination of a nitrate compound and a sulphate compound and optionally a nitrite reducing probiotic microorganism, as well as methods of reducing gastro-intestinal methanogenesis in ruminants using such compositions.
1. A non-therapeutic method of reducing gastro-intestinal methane production in a ruminant, said method comprising administering to the ruminant an effective amount of a composition comprising a combination of a nitrate compound and a sulphate compound, wherein the total amount of the combined nitrate and sulphate is in excess of 10 g/kg and less than 750 g/kg.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the method increases the efficiency of nutrient use in the ruminant.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the method enhances the growth and/or productivity in the ruminant.
4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the combination is administered in an amount providing a total dosage of nitrate and sulphate exceeding 0.05 g/kg body weight per day.
5. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the nitrate compound is administered in an amount providing a dosage of nitrate of 0.025-8 g/kg body weight per day and wherein the sulphate compound is administered in an mount providing a dosage of sulphate of 0.025-1.8 g/kg body weight per day.
6. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising administering to the ruminant a nitrite-reducing probiotic microorganism in an amount of 1*10 5 -1*10 14 cfu/kg/day.
7. The method according to claim 6 , further comprising administering to the ruminant an effective amount of a lactate compound.
8. A pelletized compounded ruminant animal feed comprising:
a combination of a nitrate compound and a sulphate compound, said combination providing a total amount of nitrate and sulphate in excess of 10 g/kg, wherein the amount of sulphate exceeds 7.5 g/kg on a dry weight basis, wherein the pelletized compounded ruminant animal feed reduces gastrointestinal methane production in a ruminant, and wherein the total amount of the combined nitrate and sulphate is less than 750 g/kg.
9. The compounded animal feed according to claim 8 , wherein the amount of nitrate exceeds 7.5 g/kg on a dry weight basis.
10. The compounded animal feed according to claim 8 , further comprising a nitrite reducing probiotic microorganism.
11. The compounded animal feed according to claim 10 , wherein the nitrite reducing probiotic microorganism is chosen from Megasphaera elsdenii and Propionibacterium acidipropionici.
12. A ruminant animal feed supplement comprising a combination of a nitrate compound and a sulphate compound, wherein the amount of sulphate in the animal feed supplement, on a dry weight basis, exceeds 25 g/kg and does not exceed 250 g/kg; wherein the total amount of the combined nitrate and sulphate is less than 250 g/kg; wherein the supplement reduces gastrointestinal methane production in a ruminant; and wherein the supplement is in a form chosen from a powder, a compacted solid, and a granulated solid.