Metallurgically bonded stainless steel
A steel wire having a stainless steel exterior; the steel wire includes a core region that comprises at least 55 wt. % iron which is metallurgically bonded to a stainless steel coating that consists of a stainless steel region and a bonding region. The stainless steel region can have a thickness of about 1 μm to about 250 μm, and a stainless steel composition that is approximately consistent across the thickness of the stainless steel region. The stainless steel composition includes an admixture of iron and about 10 wt. % to about 30 wt. % chromium. The bonding region is positioned between the stainless steel region and the core region, has a thickness that is greater than 1 μm and less than the thickness of the stainless steel region, and has a bonding composition. The bonding composition includes an admixture of iron and chromium, with a chromium concentration proximal to the stainless steel region that is approximately equal to the chromium concentration of the stainless steel region and has a chromium concentration proximal to the core region that has less than about 5 wt. % chromium.
1. A process for providing a stainless steel region metallurgically bonded to a carbon steel substrate, the process comprising:
providing a carbon steel substrate;
depositing chromium onto the carbon steel substrate to provide a chromium layer; and then
heating the chromium layer and the carbon steel substrate to an annealing temperature in a range of about 800° C. to about 1200° C. for an annealing time that is sufficiently long to form a homogeneous stainless steel region and a bonding region, the bonding region positioned between the stainless steel region and the carbon steel substrate;
wherein the homogeneous stainless steel region has a thickness of about 5 μm to about 250 μm, and has a stainless steel composition, the stainless steel composition comprising an admixture of iron and chromium, and the stainless steel composition comprising a chromium concentration of about 10 wt. % to about 30 wt. % that varies by less than 5 wt. %.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the chromium layer consists essentially of chromium.
3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the stainless steel composition comprises an admixture of iron, chromium, and a transition metal selected from the group consisting of nickel, molybdenum, titanium, niobium, tantalum, vanadium, tungsten, copper, and a mixture thereof.
4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the stainless steel composition comprises a chromium concentration of about 10.5 wt. % to about 18 wt. %.
5. The process of claim 1 , wherein the carbon steel substrate has a carbon concentration of less than about 0.5 wt. %.
6. The process of claim 5 , wherein the carbon steel substrate has a carbon concentration of less than about 0.25 wt. %.
7. The process of claim 1 , wherein the stainless steel region has a thickness of about 10 μm to about 100 μm.
8. The process of claim 1 , wherein the bonding region has a thickness of about 5 μm to about 100 μm; and has a bonding region composition that comprises an admixture of iron and chromium.
9. The process of claim 8 , wherein the bonding region has a thickness of about 10 μm to about 50 μm.
10. The process of claim 1 , wherein the bonding region has a bonding region composition that comprises an admixture of iron and chromium.
11. A process for providing a stainless steel region metallurgically bonded to a carbon steel substrate, the process comprising:
providing a carbon steel substrate;
depositing chromium onto the carbon steel substrate to provide a chromium layer; then
heating the chromium layer and the carbon steel substrate to an annealing temperature in a range of about 800° C. to about 1200° C.; and holding at that temperature for a time sufficiently long to yield a
a homogeneous stainless steel region that
has a thickness of about 5 μm to about 250 μm, and
has a stainless steel composition that comprises an admixture of iron and chromium and a chromium concentration of about 10 wt. % to about 30 wt. % that varies by less than 5 wt. %, and
a bonding region positioned between the stainless steel region and the carbon steel substrate that
has a thickness that is greater than 5 μm and less than the thickness of the stainless steel region, and
has a bonding region composition that comprises an admixture of iron and chromium.
12. A process for providing a stainless steel region metallurgically bonded to a carbon steel substrate, the process comprising:
providing a carbon steel substrate;
depositing nickel onto the carbon steel substrate to provide a nickel layer; then
depositing chromium onto the nickel layer to provide a chromium layer that consists essentially of chromium; and then
heating the nickel layer, the chromium layer, and the carbon steel substrate to an annealing temperature in a range of about 800° C. to about 1200° C. for an annealing time that is sufficiently long to form a homogeneous stainless steel region and a bonding region, the bonding region positioned between the stainless steel region and the carbon steel substrate;
wherein the homogeneous stainless steel region has a thickness of about 5 μm to about 250 μm, and has a stainless steel composition, the stainless steel composition comprising an admixture of iron, nickel, and chromium, and the stainless steel composition comprising a chromium concentration of about 10 wt. % to about 30 wt. % that varies by less than 5 wt. %.
13. The process of claim 12 , wherein the stainless steel composition comprises an admixture of iron, chromium, and nickel; and the stainless steel composition includes a nickel concentration of about 5 wt. % to about 20 wt. %.
14. The process of claim 13 , wherein the stainless steel composition comprises a chromium concentration of about 16 wt. % to about 25 wt. % and nickel concentration of about 6 wt. % to about 14 wt. %.
15. The process of claim 12 , wherein the stainless steel composition consists essentially of iron, chromium and nickel.