Toner fixer transporting medium through heating liquid

1. A toner fixing system for fixing toner onto a receiver medium, the toner having a toner glass transition temperature, comprising:

a reservoir containing a heating liquid;

a liquid-heating system for warming the heating liquid in the reservoir to a temperature greater than the toner glass transition temperature; and

a media-transport system for transporting the receiver medium along a transport path which passes through the reservoir whereby the receiver medium is submerged in the warmed heating liquid such that heat is transferred from the warmed heating liquid to the toner, thereby raising a temperature of the toner to a level above the toner glass transition temperature;

wherein the heating liquid in the reservoir has a higher temperature and pressure in a lower zone than in an upper zone above the lower zone, the transport path being configured so that the receiver medium passes through the lower zone and the upper zone and out of the reservoir into an environment at the ambient pressure, and wherein moisture in the receiver medium in the lower zone is heated to a temperature higher than an ambient pressure boiling point of the moisture but remains liquid until the moving receiver medium carries the heated moisture out of the lower zone.

2. The toner fixing system of claim 1 wherein the transport path transports the receiver medium into the reservoir at a angle of less than 15 degrees relative to the horizontal.

3. The toner fixing system of claim 2 wherein the receiver medium is a porous or semi-porous medium.

4. The toner fixing system of claim 1 , further including a mechanical transducer adapted to apply pressure to at least some of the heating liquid in the reservoir while the receiver medium is in the reservoir so that a first volume of liquid is transported away from the receiver medium by the applied pressure and a second volume of liquid having a temperature higher than a temperature of the first volume of liquid is moved into proximity with the receiver medium.

5. The toner fixing system of claim 1 , wherein the receiver medium includes a pattern of toner on a first side of the receiver medium, and the media-transport system transports the receiver medium through the reservoir with the first side oriented downward.

6. The toner fixing system of claim 1 , further including a pressurizer in the reservoir for producing a jet of heating liquid that impinges on the receiver medium in a pressure zone, the pressure zone being in the lower zone.

7. The toner fixing system of claim 6 , wherein the pressurizer includes a plenum having an outlet directed towards the pressure zone and a pump to supply heating liquid under pressure through the plenum.

8. The toner fixing system of claim 6 , wherein the pressurizer includes an impeller and a directing member fixed in position in the reservoir, the impeller adapted to direct heating liquid towards the directing member and the directing member arranged to direct impelled heating liquid towards the pressure zone.

9. The toner fixing system of claim 1 , wherein the media-transport path is adapted to transport the receiver medium into and out of the reservoir through an interface surface of the heating liquid in the reservoir.

10. The toner fixing system of claim 1 , wherein the media-transport path is adapted to transport the receiver medium into or out of the reservoir through a slit in the reservoir, the slit being no more than twice the thickness of the receiver medium.

11. The toner fixing system of claim 1 wherein the warmed heating liquid undergoes a phase change while heat is being transferred from the warmed heating liquid to the toner, and wherein the phase change releases heat such that at least a portion of the released heat contributes to raising the temperature of the toner.

12. The toner fixing system of claim 11 wherein the phase change is a liquid-to-solid phase change.

13. The toner fixing system of claim 1 wherein the heating liquid is substantially not absorbed by the receiver medium or the toner.

14. The toner fixing system of claim 1 wherein the temperature of the warmed heating liquid is less than a medium degradation temperature above which the receiver medium irreversibly degrades.

15. The toner fixing system of claim 1 wherein the temperature of the warmed heating liquid is less than a toner degradation temperature above which the toner irreversibly degrades.

16. The toner fixing system of claim 1 wherein the heating liquid is hydrophobic, so that while the toner on the receiver medium is submerged in the warmed heating liquid, the hydrophobic liquid softens the toner by plasticizing it.