Coated microfluidic devices and methods of making
We describe a method of layer-by-layer deposition of a plurality of layers of material onto the wall or walls of a channel of a microfluidic device, the method comprising: loading a tube with a series of segments of solution, a said segment of solution bearing a material to be deposited; coupling said tube to said microfluidic device; and injecting said segments of solution into said microfluidic device such that said segments of solution pass, in turn, through said channel depositing successive layers of material to perform said layer-by-layer deposition onto said wall or walls of said channel. Embodiments of the methods are particularly useful for automated surface modification of plastic, for example PDMS (Poly(dimethylsiloxane)), microchannels. We also describe methods and apparatus for forming double-emulsions.
1. A method of layer-by-layer deposition of a plurality of layers of material onto the wall or walls of a channel of a microfluidic device, the method comprising:
loading a tube with a series of segments of solution, a said segment of solution bearing a material to be deposited;
coupling said tube to said microfluidic device; and
injecting said segments of solution into said microfluidic device such that said segments of solution pass, in turn, through said channel depositing successive layers of material to perform said layer-by-layer deposition onto said wall or walls of said channel.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said loading further comprises loading said tube with gas between said segments of solution to separate said segments of solution.
3. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said loading further comprises loading said tube with a segment of washing fluid between two of said segments of solution bearing material to be deposited.
4. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said loading comprises coupling an end of said tube to each of a set of said solutions in turn in a reverse order to an order in which materials in said solutions are to be deposited and withdrawing said segments of said solution into said tube.
5. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said injecting comprises injecting at a controlled rate, and further comprising controlling a duration of deposition of a said layer using a combination of said controlled rate and a physical length of a said segment in said tube.
6. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said channel of said microfluidic device is defined in a plastic, the method further comprising pre-treating said plastic channel by exposure to an energy source to generate a hydrophilic surface on said wall or walls of said channel, wherein said hydrophilic surface undergoes hydrophobic recovery, and wherein of said layer-by-layer deposition of said plurality of layers of material is started prior to 50% hydrophobic recovery of said hydrophobic surface.
7. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said loading of said tube comprises loading said tube with successive said segments of solution comprising, alternately, positively and negatively charged polyelectrolyte each separated by washing solution and at least one gap segment from which fluid is substantially absent.
8. A method as claimed in claim 1 further comprising flowing said segments of solution alongside a flow of a second fluid in said channel such that said plurality of layers of material are selectively deposited on a lateral portion of said channel.
9. A method of using a microfluidic device to process droplets of an emulsion in an aqueous stream of fluid, the method comprising depositing a plurality of layers of material onto the wall or walls of a channel of the microfluidic device using the method of claim 1 to render said wall or walls hydrophilic, and processing said droplets of said emulsion by passing said aqueous stream through said channel of said microfluidic device.
10. A method of fabricating a microfluidic device comprising treating the microfluidic device using the method of claim 1 .
11. A method of providing a surface modification pattern on the wall or walls of, at least one channel of a microfluidic device, the method comprising:
flowing first and second fluids through said channel of said microfluidic device such that within said channel said first and second fluids remain substantially unmixed with one another and define a substantially stable joint fluid flow pattern; and
providing at least one of said fluid flows with a surface modification agent such that said wall or walls of said channel are modified by said surface modification agent to acquire a surface modification pattern defined by said joint fluid flow pattern,
wherein said flowing comprises flowing said first fluid along a first channel towards a fluid flow junction and flowing said second fluid along a second channel towards said fluid flow junction and wherein said joint fluid flow pattern comprises a joint flow of said first and second fluids away from said junction in a third channel, wherein said first and second fluids flow alongside one another in said third channel such that said wall or walls on one longitudinal side of said third channel are provided with said surface modification pattern.
12. A method as claimed in claim 11 wherein said microfluidic device comprises a device for forming a double emulsion having first and second flow-focussing regions, each with a respective said first, second and third channel and junction, and wherein the method comprises providing said surface modification pattern in said third channel of one or both of said first and second flow-focussing regions.
13. A method as claimed in claim 11 wherein said surface modification pattern comprises a surface coating pattern, and wherein said fluid flow provided with said surface modification agent comprises a fluid flow bearing a material to perform layer-by-layer deposition of said surface coating pattern.