Renewable engine fuel and method of producing same
The present invention provides non-petroleum high-octane fuel which may be derived from biomass sources, and a method of producing same. The method of production involves reducing the biomass feedstocks to sugars, fermenting the sugars using microorganisms or mutagens thereof to produce ethanol or acetic acid, converting the acetic acid or ethanol to acetone, and converting the acetone to mesitylene and isopentane, the major components of the engine fuel. Trimerization of acetone can be carried out in the presence of a catalyst containing at least one metal selected from the group consisting of niobium, iron and manganese. The ethanol can be converted to mesitylene in a dehydration reaction in the presence of a catalyst of zinc oxide/calcium oxide, and unreacted ethanol and water separated from mesitylene by distillation. These ethanol-based fuels may be formulated to have a wide range of octane values and energy, and may effectively be used to replace 100 LL aviation fuel (known as AvGas), as well as high-octane, rocket, diesel, turbine engine fuels, as well as two-cycle, spark-ignited engine fuels.
1. A method of producing bio-mass derived high-octane fuel, comprising the steps of:
(a) fermenting a biomass with a microorganism or a mutagen thereof to produce a mixture of metabolites comprising acetone and butanol;
(b) trimerizing a portion of the acetone from step (a) to form mesitylene; and
(c) mixing mesitylene from step (b) with isopentane to form the biomass-derived high-octane fuel.
2. The method of claim 1 in which the trimerizing of step (b) involves using catalyst using a metal selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, sodium and potassium.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the microorganisms are one or more chosen from among thermoanaerobacter kivui, moorella thermoacetica, moorella thermoautotrophica, thermoanaerobacter thermosaccharolyticum, and saccharophagus degradans, strain 2-40.
4. The method of claim 1 and which includes dimerizing a portion of the acetone from step (a) to form isopentane, and in which step (c) comprises mixing mesitylene from step (b) with isopentane obtained by said dimerizing.
5. The method of claim 1 which includes separating a portion of the acetone from step (a) from the butanol, and in which step (b) comprises trimerizing the separated acetone.
6. The method of claim 5 and which includes dimerizing a portion of the separated acetone to form isopentane, and in which step (c) comprises mixing mesitylene from step (b) with isopentane obtained by said dimerizing.
7. The method of claim 5 , wherein the trimerizing of acetone is carried out in the gas phase by passing acetone in contact with a catalyst containing niobium oxide at elevated temperatures.
8. The method of claim 4 , wherein the dimerization of acetone is carried out in a catalytic reaction to yield isopentane.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the dimerization of acetone is carried out in a gas phase catalytic reaction.
10. The method of claim 4 , wherein the microorganisms are one or more chosen from among thermoanaerobacter kivui, moorella thermoacetica, moorella thermoautotrophica, thermoanaerobacter thermosaccharolyticum, and saccharophagus degradans, strain 2-40.
11. The method of claim 6 , wherein the dimerization of acetone is carried out in a catalytic reaction to yield isopentane.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the dimerization of acetone is carried out in a gas phase catalytic reaction.
13. The method of claim 6 , wherein the microorganisms are one or more chosen from among thermoanaerobacter kivui, moorella thermoacetica, moorella thermoautotrophica, thermoanaerobacter thermosaccharolyticum, and saccharophagus degradans, strain 2-40.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the trimerizing of acetone is carried out in the gas phase by passing acetone in contact with a catalyst containing niobium oxide at elevated temperatures.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the trimerizing of acetone is carried out with a catalyst of niobium oxide on a base of alumina washcoat on calcined aluminized stainless steel corrugated film.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the trimerizing of acetone is carried out with a catalyst of niobium oxide on a base of alumina beads.
17. The method of claim 14 , wherein the trimerizing of acetone is carried out with a catalyst of niobium oxide on silica gel.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the trimerizing of acetone is carried out with a catalyst of manganese nitrate.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the trimerizing of acetone is carried out with a catalyst of manganese nitrate on alumina beads.
20. The method of claim 18 , wherein the trimerizing of acetone is carried out with a catalyst of manganese nitrate on silica gel.
21. The method of claim 18 , wherein the trimerizing of acetone is carried out with a catalyst of manganese nitrate on a base of alumina washcoat on calcined aluminized stainless steel corrugated film.