Systems and methods for fraud prevention, supply chain tracking, secure material tracing and information encoding using isotopes and other markers

1. A method for encoding information in a material using a material tracing system in communication with a computer readable storage medium, comprising:

storing, by the material tracing system in the computer readable storage medium, information to be encoded in the material;

generating, by the material tracing system, a binary number based on the information;

determining, by the material tracing system, an amount of at least one tracer to be incorporated into the material corresponding to the binary number, wherein the at least one tracer comprises one or more stable elements and/or non-radioactive elements that become radioactive upon activation;

activating the one or more non-radioactive elements, if any, and

incorporating the determined amount of the at least one tracer into the material.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one tracer comprises a plurality of trace elements, each trace element corresponding to one of a plurality of bits of the binary number, the method further comprising arranging the plurality of trace elements in an order corresponding to the order of the plurality of bits of the binary number.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the amount of each of the plurality of trace elements comprises a first amount corresponding to a ‘1’ bit of the binary number or a second amount corresponding to a ‘0’ bit of the binary number, and determining the amount of the at least one tracer comprises, for each trace element, determining whether to incorporate the first amount of the trace element or the second amount of the trace element corresponding to the binary number.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one tracer comprises one or more radioactive elements.

5. The method of claim 4 , wherein a total radioactivity of the one or more radioactive elements is less than or equal to 0.4 counts per second.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein activating the one or more elements comprises applying neutron irradiation to the one or more elements.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the information comprises one or more of an age, purity, manufacturer, marking or serial number of the material.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the binary number comprises a 64-bit binary number and the at least one tracer comprises 64 trace elements, each trace element corresponding to a bit of the 64-bit binary number.

9. A method for decoding information encoded in a material with at least one tracer incorporated into the material, the method comprising:

measuring an amount of the at least one tracer using a measuring device, wherein the at least one tracer comprises one or more stable elements and/or non-radioactive elements that become radioactive upon activation,

activating the one or more non-radioactive elements, if any;

determining a binary number corresponding to the measured at least one tracer based, at least in part, on the measured amount of the at least one tracer; and

decoding the binary number to obtain information associated with the material.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the at least one tracer comprises a plurality of trace elements, each trace element corresponding to one of a plurality of bits of the binary number, the method further comprising obtaining an order of the plurality of trace elements corresponding to the order of the plurality of bits of the binary number.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein measuring an amount of the at least one tracer comprises measuring an amount of each trace element, the measured amount of each trace element comprising a first amount corresponding to a ‘1’ bit of the binary number or a second amount corresponding to a ‘0’ bit of the binary number.

12. The method of claim 9 , wherein the at least one tracer comprises one or more stable elements, and measuring the amount of the at least one tracer comprises measuring the one or more stable elements using a mass spectrometer or a UV-visible spectrometer.

13. The method of claim 9 , wherein the at least one tracer comprises one or more radioactive elements, and measuring the amount of the at least one tracer comprises measuring the one or more radioactive elements using a gamma spectrometer.

14. The method of claim 9 , wherein the at least one tracer comprises one or more non-radioactive elements that becomes radioactive upon activation, and measuring the amount of the at least one tracer comprises activating the one or more non-radioactive elements by neutron irradiation.

15. The method of claim 9 , wherein the information comprises one or more of an age, purity, manufacturer, marking or serial number of the material.

16. The method of claim 9 , wherein the binary number comprises a 64-bit binary number and the at least one tracer comprises 64 trace elements, each trace element corresponding to a bit of the 64-bit binary number.

17. A material tracing system, comprising:

one or more processors; and

one or more computer readable storage media embodying software that is configured when executed by one or more of the processors to:

store, in the computer readable storage medium, information to be encoded in the material;

generate a binary number corresponding to the information; and

determine an amount of at least one tracer to be incorporated into the material corresponding to the binary number, wherein the at least one tracer comprises one or more stable elements and/or non-radioactive elements that become radioactive upon activation;

activate the one or more non-radioactive elements, if any, and

a measuring device in communication with the computer readable storage medium configured to:

measure the amount of the at least one tracer in the material;

determine the binary number corresponding to the measured at least one tracer based, at least in part, on the measured amount of the at least one tracer; and

obtain the information from the computer readable storage medium corresponding to the binary number.

18. The system of claim 17 , further comprising a pellet fabricator coupled to the one or more processors and configured to form a pellet having the determined amount of the at least one tracer to be incorporated into the material.

19. The system of claim 17 , further comprising a trace element activator configured to activate one or more inactive trace elements.