Bi-layered bone-like scaffolds

1. A method of making a bond-like scaffold having a core component and a cortical layer, comprising:

a) contacting a core polymer porous template and a cortical layer polymer porous template disposed at least partially about the core polymer template with a composition comprising a calcium phosphate, alumina, or zirconia, wherein at least a portion of the core polymer porous template and the cortical layer porous polymer template become coated with the composition; and

(b) drying the composition coated core polymer porous template and the cortical layer polymer porous template, where a bone-scaffold having a core component and a cortical layer disposed at least partially around the core component is formed.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the calcium phosphate is tricalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, amorphous calcium phosphate, monocalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, octacalcium phosphate, tetracalcium phosphate, fluorapatite, carbonated apatite, an analog thereof, or a mixture thereof.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the core polymer porous template is at least one of a polyurethane sponge, a polyester sponge, a polyetherketone sponge, and a polypropylene sponge.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the core polymer porous template is further defined as having about 20 pores per inch (ppi) to about 100 ppi.

5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

a) sintering the core polymer porous template and the cortical layer polymer porous template after drying.

6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the core component has an average pore diameter of about 100 μm to about 700 μm after sintering, and the cortical layer has an average pore diameter of about 1 μm to about 200 μm after sintering.

7. The method of claim 5 , further comprising:

a) contacting the core component and the cortical layer disposed at least partially about the core component with a composition comprising a calcium phosphate, zirconia, or alumina, wherein at least a majority portion of the core component and the cortical layer become coated with the composition;

b) drying the composition-coated core component and the cortical layer; and

c) sintering the core component and cortical layer after drying.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises drilling one or more holes or microchannels through the cortical layer.

9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising incorporated a therapeutic agent into the scaffold or applying a therapeutic agent to a surface of the scaffold.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the therapeutic agent is an angiogenic factor, an osteogenic growth factor, antibiotics, or a biomolecule.

11. The method of claim 1 , where the composition initially contacts the core polymer porous template and the cortical layer polymer porous template while the core polymer porous template and the cortical layer polymer porous template is disposed at least partially about the core polymer template.

12. A biomedical scaffold made in accordance with claim 1 , comprising:

a) a core component comprising:

(i) an open pore structure of micropores that are interconnected; and

(ii) a hollowed strut comprising microchannels that are interconnected; and

b) a porous cortical layer in contact with at least a portion of a surface of the core component.

13. The scaffold of claim 12 , wherein the cortical layer comprises micropores having an average diameter that is less than the average diameter of the micropores of the core component.

14. The scaffold of claim 12 , wherein the micropores have an average diameter of about 100 μm to about 2000 μm , and the microchannels have an average diameter of about 10 μm to about 300 μm.

15. The scaffold of claim 12 , wherein the cortical layer comprises micropores having an average diameter of about 1 um to about 2000 um.

16. The scaffold of claim 15 , wherein the cortical layer has an average porosity of 30% to 60%.

17. The scaffold of claim 12 , wherein the cortical layer comprises microchannels having an average diameter of 1 um to about 2000 um.

18. The scaffold of claim 12 , wherein the core component has an average porosity of 65% to 90%.

19. The scaffold of claim 12 , wherein the scaffold is comprised of tricalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, amorphous calcium phosphate, monocalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, octacalcium phosphate, tetracalcium phosphate, fluorapatite, carbonated apatite, or an analog thereof.

20. The scaffold of claim 12 , wherein the core component and/or the cortical layer comprise zinc or silver.

21. A method of treating a tissue defect in a subject, comprising implanting into the bone of a subject a scaffold of claim 12 , wherein the tissue defect is treated.

22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the subject is a human.

23. The method of claim 21 , wherein the tissue defect is a bone defect, a cartilage defect, a tendon defect, or a ligament defect.

24. The method of claim 21 , wherein the tissue defect is the result of a bone disease that is fibrous dysplasia, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, arthritis, osteomyelitis, avascular necrosis, Paget's disease, bone cancer, or a traumatic injury.

25. The method of claim 21 , further comprising treating the subject with one or more secondary forms of therapy for treatment of a bone defect, bone disease, bone fracture, a cartilage defect, an injury to a ligament, or an injury to a tendon.

26. A kit comprising a scaffold of claim 12 in a sealed container.

27. The scaffold of claim 12 , wherein the cortical layer is porous and comprises micropores.

28. The scaffold of claim 27 , wherein the cortical layer further comprises microchannels.

29. The scaffold of claim 12 , wherein the cortical layer is solid and comprises microchannels.