Piezoelectric microcantilever sensors for biosensing
A piezoelectric microcantilever for sensing compounds or molecules. The piezoelectric microcantilever, may include at least one electrode, an insulation layer, a receptor, an immobilization layer, a non-piezoelectric layer and a piezoelectric layer. The sensor is capable of self actuation and detection. The piezoelectric layer may be constructed from a highly piezoelectric thin lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate film, a highly piezoelectric thin zirconate titanate film, a highly piezoelectric lead-free film. Methods of using the sensors and flow cells and arrays including the sensors are also described.
1. A piezoelectric microcantilever sensor having a Q value greater than 20 comprising:
a non-piezoelectric layer,
a piezoelectric layer,
at least one conducting element operatively associated with the piezoelectric layer and
a receptor capable of binding a molecule or compound whereby, upon binding, said molecule or compound, said receptor exerts a force on the piezoelectric layer and causes a shift in the resonance frequency of the piezoelectric microcantilever sensor,
wherein the said piezoelectric layer is selected from the group consisting of:
a piezoelectric thin film having a dielectric constant of greater than 1600 and a thickness of less than 4 μm, and
a piezoelectric film having a thickness less than 75 μm and a piezoelectric coefficient −d 31 of at least 250 pm/V.
2. The piezoelectric microcantilever sensor of claim 1 , further comprising an electrical insulation layer which insulates the at least one conducting element.
3. The piezoelectric microcantilever sensor of claim 2 , wherein the electrical insulation layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of poly-para-xylylene, methyltrimethoxysilane, 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane, Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 and functionalized hydrophobic silanes and mixtures thereof.
4. The piezoelectric microcantilever sensor of claim 1 , wherein said receptor is bound to the conducting element by an immobilization layer.
5. The piezoelectric microcantilever sensor of claim 1 , wherein a length of said piezoelectric layer is less than or greater than a length of said non-piezoelectric layer.
6. The piezoelectric microcantilever sensor of claim 1 , wherein said piezoelectric thin film of the piezoelectric layer is derived from a free standing piezoelectric film.
7. The piezoelectric microcantilever sensor of claim 1 , wherein said piezoelectric layer has a dielectric constant of at least 1600 and a thickness less than 2 μm.
8. The piezoelectric microcantilever sensor of claim 1 , wherein said piezoelectric layer has a dielectric constant of at least 1900 and a thickness less than 4 μm.
9. The piezoelectric microcantilever sensor of claim 1 , wherein said piezoelectric layer has a dielectric constant of at least 1900 and a thickness less than 2 μm.
10. The piezoelectric microcantilever sensor of claim 1 , wherein said piezoelectric layer has a piezoelectric constant −d 31 of at least 250 pm/v and a thickness less than 8 μm.
11. The piezoelectric microcantilever sensor of claim 4 , wherein said piezoelectric layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate, lead-zirconate-titanate, and doped sodium potassium niobate-lithium niobate.
12. The piezoelectric microcantilever sensor of claim 4 , wherein said piezoelectric layer comprises a lead-free piezoelectric material.
13. The piezoelectric microcantilever sensor of claim 1 , wherein said piezoelectric microcantilever has a Q value greater than 120.
14. The piezoelectric microcantilever sensor of claim 1 , wherein the non-piezoelectric layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of ceramic material, polymeric material, metallic material and combinations thereof.
15. The piezoelectric microcantilever sensor of claim 1 , wherein said non-piezoelectric layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, tin and copper.
16. The piezoelectric microcantilever sensor of claim 15 , wherein said non-piezoelectric layer comprises multiple layers of different materials.
17. The piezoelectric microcantilever sensor of claim 1 , wherein the microcantilever is capable of being driven in a capacitive method by applying a voltage across said piezoelectric layer.
18. A flow cell comprising a sample chamber, at least one microcantilever sensor as claimed in claim 1 , a pump and at least one channel for each sensor which is capable of determining the presence or amount of a compound or molecule which binds to said sensor.
19. The flow cell of claim 18 , further comprising a humidity control mechanism.
20. The flow cell of claim 19 , further comprising a temperature control mechanism.
21. The flow cell of claim 18 , comprising an array of microcantilever sensors and wherein said array is portable.
22. The piezoelectric microcantilever sensor of claim 1 , wherein said receptor is selected from the group consisting of DNA, proteins, enzymes, cells, viruses, parasites, antigens and pathogens.