Synthesis of fatty alcohol esters of alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acids and their use as percutaneous absorption enhancers
The present invention provides a novel approach for the preparation of fatty alcohol esters of α-hydroxy carboxylic acids. In one form of the invention, the target fatty alcohol ester of α-hydroxy carboxylic acid is produced by converting a lower alkyl ester of α-hydroxy carboxylic acid into a fatty alcohol ester of α-hydroxy carboxylic acid via alcoholysis (i.e., transesterification). The transesterification process is an equilibrium reaction, catalyzed chemically (i.e., with acids or bases) or enzymatically, that is shifted in the desired direction to produce the desired product. One way of shifting the reaction in the direction of the desired product is by reducing the concentration of one of the products (e.g., distillation of a lower-boiling alcohol as it is formed). Another preferred way of shifting the reaction in the direction of the desired product is by increasing the concentration of one of the reactants.
1. A method for synthesizing a fatty alcohol ester of α-hydroxy carboxylic acid, comprising:
converting a lower alkyl ester of α-hydroxy carboxylic acid into a fatty alcohol ester of α-hydroxy carboxylic acid via transesterification, wherein the transesterification process is an equilibrium reaction that is shifted in the desired direction to produce the desired product by reducing the concentration of one of the products of the transesterification process; wherein
one of the products of the transesterification process is an alcohol, and further wherein the concentration of that alcohol is reduced by distillation.
2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the transesterification process is catalyzed chemically.
3. The method according to claim 2 wherein the transesterification process is catalyzed with an acid.
4. The method according to claim 2 wherein the transesterification process is catalyzed with a base.
5. The method according to claim 1 wherein the transesterification process is catalyzed with an enzyme.
6. The method according to claim 5 wherein the enzyme is a lipase.
7. The method according to claim 6 wherein the lipase is obtained from a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Aspergillus species, Rhizopus species, Penicillum species, Candida species, Pseudomonas species, Mucor species, and Humicola species.
8. The method according to claim 6 wherein the lipase is immobilized by attachment to a suitable water-insoluble material.
9. The method according to claim 8 wherein the suitable water-insoluble material is selected from the group consisting of silica, ion exchange resins, acrylate resins and porous polystyrene.
10. The method according to claim 1 wherein the concentration of one of the products of the transesterification process is removed by using azeotropic distillation or vacuum distillation.
11. The method according to claim 1 wherein the equilibrium reaction is shifted in the direction of the desired product by increasing the concentration of one of the reactants of the transesterification process.
12. The method according to claim 11 wherein the equilibrium reaction is shifted in the direction of the desired product by adding more of the lower alkyl ester of α-hydroxy carboxylic acid.
13. The method according to claim 1 wherein the lower alkyl ester of α-hydroxy carboxylic acid is represented by the following formula:
wherein:
R 1 is selected from the group consisting of: H, straight chained or branched alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted alkyl, arylalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl and heteroaryl;
R 2 is selected from the group consisting of: H and alkyl; and
R 3 is selected from the group consisting of:
methyl, ethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, vinyl, propyl, isopropyl, isopropenyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl.
14. The method according to claim 1 wherein the lower alkyl ester of α-hydroxy carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of: the ethyl esters of glycolic acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid, 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid, 2-hydroxycaproic acid, ethyl lactate and ethyl mandelate.
15. The method according to claim 1 wherein the transesterification process comprises combining the lower alkyl ester of α-hydroxy carboxylic acid with an alcohol.
16. The method according to claim 15 wherein the alcohol is a straight-chain alcohol represented by the following formula:
R 4 OH
wherein R 4 is an alkyl group greater than or equal to an eight carbon chain.
17. The method according to claim 15 wherein the alcohol is selected from the group consisting of primary, secondary, branched, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated alcohols.
18. The method according to claim 15 wherein the alcohol contains a substituent other than hydroxyl.
19. The method according to claim 15 wherein the alcohol is selected from the group consisting of:
1-dodecanol, 2-dodecanol, 1-tetradecanol, 1-hexadecanol, 3,7-dimethyl-1-octanol and 1-octadecanol.
20. The method according to claim 1 wherein the fatty alcohol ester of α-hydroxy carboxylic acid is lauryl lactate.
21. The method according to claim 20 , wherein the lauryl lactate has a purity >95%.
22. The method according to claim 6 wherein the lipase is not immobilized.
23. The method according to claim 1 wherein the fatty alcohol ester of α-hydroxy carboxylic acid is lauryl mandelate.
24. The method according to claim 1 wherein the fatty alcohol ester of α-hydroxy carboxylic acid is 3,7-dimethyl-1-octyl lactate.
25. The method according to claim 1 wherein the fatty alcohol ester of α-hydroxy carboxylic acid is cetyl lactate.
26. The method according to claim 1 wherein the fatty alcohol ester of α-hydroxy carboxylic acid is ethyl lactate.
27. The method according to claim 1 wherein an absorbing agent is added to the reaction.
28. The method according to claim 1 wherein a solvent is added to the reaction.
29. The method according to claim 28 wherein the solvent is selected from a group consisting of the following:
acetone, acetonitrile, dioxane, heptane, hexanes and tetrahydrofuran.
30. A method for synthesizing a fatty alcohol ester of α-hydroxy carboxylic acid, comprising:
converting a lower alkyl ester of α-hydroxy carboxylic acid into a fatty alcohol ester of α-hydroxy carboxylic acid via transesterification, wherein the transesterification process is an equilibrium reaction that is shifted in the desired direction to produce the desired product; wherein
the fatty alcohol ester of α-hydroxy carboxylic acid is lauryl mandelate.
31. A method for synthesizing a fatty alcohol ester of α-hydroxy carboxylic acid, comprising:
converting a lower alkyl ester of α-hydroxy carboxylic acid into a fatty alcohol ester of α-hydroxy carboxylic acid via transesterification, wherein the transesterification process is an equilibrium reaction that is shifted in the desired direction to produce the desired product; wherein
the fatty alcohol ester of α-hydroxy carboxylic acid is 3,7-dimethyl-1-octyl lactate.
32. A method for synthesizing a fatty alcohol ester of α-hydroxy carboxylic acid, comprising:
converting a lower alkyl ester of α-hydroxy carboxylic acid into a fatty alcohol ester of α-hydroxy carboxylic acid via transesterification, wherein the transesterification process is an equilibrium reaction that is shifted in the desired direction to produce the desired product; wherein
the fatty alcohol ester of α-hydroxy carboxylic acid is ethyl lactate.